Renal stone

Excessive sodium intake is associated with nephrolithiasis, but the impact of sodium-deficient (SD) diets is unknown. Hence, we investigated the effects of short- and long-term SD diets on the expression of renal aquaporins and sodium transporters, and thus calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal formation in hyperoxaluria rats. In a short-term sodium balance study, six male rats received drinking water and six received 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) to induce hyperoxaluria. After a 30-day period of feeding on normal chow, both groups were treated with a normal-sodium diet for 5 days, followed by a sodium-free diet for the next 5 days...

Nephrolithiasis (NL) is a common condition worldwide. The incidence of NL and nephrocalcinosis (NC) has been increasing, along with their associated morbidity and economic burden. The etiology of NL and NC is multifactorial and includes both environmental components and genetic components, with multiple studies showing high heritability. Causative gene variants have been detected in up to 32% of children with NL and NC. Children with NL and NC are genotypically heterogenous, but often phenotypically relatively homogenous, and there are subsequently little data on the predictors of genetic childhood NL and NC...

PURPOSE: To present a new protocol using antibiotic irrigation during lithotripsy in retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) to provide sterility of the renal collecting system. METHODS: This prospective study included 102 patients who underwent RIRS between January 2022 and August 2023. The patients were examined in two groups as those who received antibiotic irrigation (n:51) and standard irrigation (n:51). In the antibiotic irrigation group, 80 mg of gentamicin was dissolved in normal saline in a 3 L irrigation pouch to obtain a 26...

Background and objective Kidney stones, also referred to as nephrolithiasis or renal calculi, is a condition where crystal depositions are formed within the kidney and ideally excreted from the body via the urethra with no pain; however, larger calculi may cause significant pain and require further medical assistance. The vast majority of patients who develop renal calculi form calcium stones, which are either a composition of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. Other types include uric acid, struvite, and cysteine...

PURPOSE: We searched for perioperative renal function deterioration risk factors in patients that underwent bilateral flexible ureteroscopy (fURS) for kidney stones. METHODS: From August 2016 to February 2020, symptomatic patients > 18 years old with bilateral kidney stones up to 20 mm in each side were prospectively studied. Serum creatinine samples were collected on admission to surgery, immediate postoperative (IPO), on POD 3, 10, and 30...

Molnupiravir is an oral prodrug of the broadly active, antiviral ribonucleoside analog N-hydroxycytidine (NHC). The primary circulating metabolite NHC is taken up into cells and phosphorylated to NHC-triphosphate (NHC-TP). NHC-TP serves as a competitive substrate for viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which results in an accumulation of errors in the viral genome, rendering virus replication incompetent. Molnupiravir has demonstrated activity against SARS-CoV-2 both clinically and preclinically and has a high barrier to development of viral resistance...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the recommended treatment for large or complex renal stones. This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of mini PCNL in obese and nonobese patients and to compare the outcomes of mini and standard PCNL in the obese population. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our PCNL database to identify patients who had undergone mini (Amplatz sheath size 17.5Ch) or standard (Amplatz sheath size ≥26Ch) PCNL between 2005 and 2022...

INTRODUCTION: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is often reduced in patients with urolithiasis. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review to describe impact on HRQoL based on different modalities of treatment for small urolithiases with a diameter smaller or equal to 10 mm. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched with no language or date restrictions to identify studies which were included if they reported: adult patients (≥18 years old), renal or ureteral stone(s) confirmed on imagery, validated reporting of HRQoL, and stone diameter equal or smaller than 10 mm undergoing active surveillance, medical expulsive therapy (MET), shockwave lithotripsy (SWL), or ureteroscopy (URS)...

Objective The aim of the study was to assess the safety of preserved renal function after standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in patients with a single functional kidney. The main parameters to focus on were serum creatinine levels and any associated complications. Materials and methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted in an Eastern population in a single center from 2016 through 2023 at The Kidney Centre Postgraduate Training Institute, Karachi, Pakistan. Results Out of the total 1,550 PCNL procedures performed on adult patients, 47 patients had a solitary functioning kidney with stones, which were evaluated...

Ureteroscopy is a highly effective treatment for ureteral stones, characterized by a high stone-free rate and a low need for re-treatment. Ureteral stent placement can improve the insertion of the ureteral access sheath and ureteroscope but may be associated with higher morbidity prior to and after ureteroscopy. The study aimed to compare immediate versus post-stenting ureteroscopy for ureteral stone treatment in terms of operative time, intra- and post-operative complications, length of hospital stay, and stone-free rate...

Lower urinary tract foreign bodies are often reported but the underlying causes remain intriguing, ranging from unconventional practices to medical interventions. This condition predominantly affects young males and presentations are varied from asymptomatic, lower urinary tract symptoms to acute obstructive renal failure. We report a case of a 48-year-old male presented with lower urinary tract symptoms and obstructive renal failure. Imaging revealed multiple foreign bodies in the pelvic cavity, suggestive of vesical, and urethral lithiasis...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) for treating renal calculi under different shock wave pathways. METHODS: This study involved a prospective analysis of clinical data obtained from 264 eligible patients with renal stones treated at the Urology Department of Shanxi Bethune Hospital between January 2021 and June 2023. Among these patients, 125 underwent ESWL via the dorsal shock wave pathway (Group A), while 139 patients underwent ESWL via the ipsilateral clavicular midline shock wave pathway (Group B)...

A 51-year-old woman presented to her local emergency department with acute onset right-sided flank pain and nausea. Her blood results on admission were largely unremarkable aside from leucocytosis and neutrophilia. Two days after admission, she developed the following: stage 3 AKI with oliguria, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute derangement of liver function tests. A computed tomography of the kidney ureter bladder demonstrated a right-sided 4 mm obstructing vesicoureteric junction stone with associated hydronephrosis and hydroureter...

This retracts the article "Effect of preoperative ureteral stenting on the surgical outcomes of patients with 1-2 cm renal stones managed by retrograde intrarenal surgery using a ureteral access sheath"  (https://doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2023.12102) published on December 28, 2023.

Ureteral stenting is a common clinical procedure for the treatment of upper urinary tract disorders, including conditions such as urinary tract infections, tumors, stones, and inflammation. Maintaining normal renal function by preventing and treating ureteral obstruction is the primary goal of this procedure. However, the use of ureteral stents is associated with adverse effects, including surface crusting, bacterial adhesion, and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) after implantation. Recognizing the need to reduce the complications associated with permanent ureteral stent placement, there is a growing interest among both physicians and patients in the use of biodegradable ureteral stents (BUS)...

METHODS: We conducted a prospective randomised control trial. Included patients were males and females greater than 18 years of age with single or multiple ipsilateral renal calculi of total ≤10 mm on plain X-ray and noncontrast CT KUB. ESWL was performed at a single centre, at supine position under general anaesthesia with maximum 3000 shocks at a rate of 100 shocks per minute. Patients were discharged and randomised to either the control arm or MPI therapy. MPI therapy was self-directed in a home setting for 10 minutes a day, three times per week...

To evaluate the performance of a mathematical model to drive preoperative planning between RIRS and MiniPerc (MP) for the treatment of renal stones between 10 and 20 mm. Patients with a renal stone between 10 and 20 mm were enrolled. A mathematical model named Stone Management According to Size-Hardness (SMASH) score was calculated: hounsfield units (HU) χ stone maximum size (cm)/100. Patients were divided into 4 groups: RIRS with score < 15 (Group A), RIRS with score ≥ 15 (Group B), MP with score < 15 (Group C), MP with score ≥ 15 (Group D)...

Urolithiasis is a prevalent urological disorder that contributes significantly to global morbidity. This study aimed to assess the anti-urolithic effects of Cymbopogon proximus (Halfa Bar) and Petroselinum crispum (parsley) seed ethanolic extract /Gum Arabic (GA) emulsion, and its nanogel form against ethylene glycol (EG) and ammonium chloride (AC)-induced experimental urolithiasis in rats. Rats were divided into four groups: group 1 served as the normal control, group 2 received EG with AC in drinking water for 14 days to induce urolithiasis, groups 3 and 4 were orally administered emulsion (600 mg/kg/day) and nanogel emulsion (600 mg/kg/day) for 7 days, followed by co-administration with EG and AC in drinking water for 14 days...

Ureteroscopic lithotripsy for impacted stones is challenging, but it is important to predict impacted stones preoperatively. Hydronephrosis, which is evaluated by a grading system, is often apparent in impacted stones. However, the currently used grading system is a qualitative evaluation. We, therefore, focused on a quantitative evaluation: the area of hydronephrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the area of hydronephrosis could predict impacted stones more accurately than Society for Fetal Urology grade...

The stone density (SD) is not the same in all parts of the stone due to the heterogeneous nature of the stone and the shock wave (SW) passes through tissues of many different densities until it reaches the stone. These factors affect the success of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL). We aimed to evaluate the effect of the Variation Coefficient of Stone Density (VCSD) and Renal Cortical Tickness (RCT) on the success of ESWL. Between 2020 and 2023, 510 patients who underwent ESWL were divided into 2 groups treatment success (n:304) and treatment failure (n:206)...