LPS

Universal and early recognition of pathogens occurs through recognition of evolutionarily conserved pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by innate immune receptors and the consequent secretion of cytokines and chemokines. The intrinsic complexity of innate immune signaling and associated signal transduction challenges our ability to obtain physiologically relevant, reproducible and accurate data from experimental systems. One of the reasons for the discrepancy in observed data is the choice of measurement strategy...

Chronic inflammatory and immune responses play key roles in the development and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). PANoptosis, as a unique inflammatory cell death modality, is involved in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. We aim to identify critical PANoptosis-related biomarkers and explore their potential effects on respiratory tract diseases and immune infiltration landscapes in COPD. Total microarray data consisting of peripheral blood and lung tissue datasets associated with COPD were obtained from the GEO database...

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a strong pro-inflammatory reaction of macrophages upon activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) with the assistance of CD14 protein. Considering a key role of plasma membrane rafts in CD14 and TLR4 activity and the significant impact exerted on that activity by endocytosis and intracellular trafficking of the both LPS acceptors, it seemed likely that the pro-inflammatory reaction could be modulated by flotillins. Flotillin-1 and -2 are scaffolding proteins associated with the plasma membrane and also with endo-membranes, affecting both the plasma membrane dynamics and intracellular protein trafficking...

Chronic liver damage (CLD) encompasses a spectrum of conditions and poses a significant global health challenge, affecting millions of individuals. Currently, there is a deficiency of clinically validated therapeutics with minimal side effects. Emerging evidence underscores the significant potential of extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-EVs) as a promising therapeutic method for CLD. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of BMSC-EVs containing microRNA-136-5p (BMSC-EVs-miR-136-5p) on macrophage polarization during chronic liver injury and elucidate the mechanisms associated with the GNAS/PI3K/ERK/STAT3 axis...

BACKGROUND: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic neurological disorder with limited therapeutic options. Tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 (TP53INP2) is involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases, and it may play a role during SCI via affecting inflammation and neuronal apoptosis. This study investigated the associated roles and mechanisms of TP53INP2 in SCI. METHODS: Mouse and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced SCI BV-2 cell models were constructed to explore the role of TP53INP2 in SCI and the associated mechanisms...

BACKGROUND: Sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing 1 (Sarm1) is known as a negative regulator of inflammatory responses. However, its role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the function of Sarm1 in IBD and its underlying mechanisms. Sarm1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor 3 (TRAF3) knockout (KO) micewere established. METHODS: The colitis was induced using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)...

Intestinal barrier dysfunction usually occurred in acute pancreatitis (AP) but the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, RNA sequencing of ileum in L-arginine-induced AP mice demonstrated that phosphoenolpyruvate kinase 1 (Pck1) was significantly up-regulated. Increased Pck1 expression in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) was further validated in ileum of AP mice and duodenum of AP patients. In AP mice, level of Pck1 was positively correlated with pancreatic and ileal histopathological scores, serum amylase activity, and intestinal permeability (serum diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactate, and endotoxin)...

Two previously undescribed coumarins ( 1 and 2 ) were isolated from the root of Hansenia weberbaueriana which have been used to cure inflammatory diseases over thousands of years by Chinese. The structures of new findings were confirmed by comprehensive analyses of spectral evidences in HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR combined with chemical calculations. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited potential anti-inflammatory properties by reducing the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α , IL-6 and IL-1β in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264...

SCOPE: Tolypocladium sinense is a fungus isolated from Cordyceps. Cordyceps has some medicinal value and is also a daily health care product. This study explores the preventive effects of T. sinense mycelium polysaccharide (TSMP) on high-fat diet-induced obesity and chronic inflammation in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here, the study establishes an obese mouse model induced by high-fat diet. In this study, the mice are administered TSMP daily basis to evaluate its effect on alleviating obesity...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with an increased risk of psychological distress as well as enhanced responses to psychosocial stress. Recently, it was hypothesized that PCOS patients may be at high risk of novel COVID-19 infections and worse clinical presentations during such infections. Here, we evaluated the effects of PCOS on stress responses to bacterial and viral mimetics using dihydrotestosterone-induced PCOS model rats. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; a bacterial mimetic) or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly-IC; a viral mimetic) was injected into PCOS model rats (PCOS) and non-PCOS rats (control), and the rats' stress responses were evaluated...

INTRODUCTION: The Lifei Decoction (LD) is a commonly utilized Chinese medicine for the treatment of sepsis and bronchial inflammation. However, its therapeutic potential in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanism of LD in a mouse model of COPD induced by cigarette smoke (CS) combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS: Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was employed to observe the pathological alterations in lung tissue, while ELISA was utilized for the detection of levels of inflammatory factors in both lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)...

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a serious complication of sepsis. The tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (TNFRSF6) gene encodes the Fas protein, and it participates in apoptosis induced in different cell types. This study aimed to explore TNFRSF6 function in SAE. The SAE mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of LPS in TNFRSF6-/- mice and C57BL/6J mice. Microglia were treated with LPS to establish the cell model. The learning, memory and cognitive functions in mice were tested by behavioral tests...

Microglia activation is an early mediator of neuroinflammation and a major contributor to spinal damage and motor dysfunction. This study was designed to investigate the role of small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) on the apoptosis and inflammatory response of microglial cell BV-2 and its underlying molecular mechanism. The C5 lamina contusion-induced mouse model of spinal cord injury (SCI) was constructed. Mouse microglia BV2 was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish the in vitro model of SCI...

Myocardial fibrosis is a common pathological manifestation that occurs in various cardiac diseases. The present investigation aims to reveal how DNMT1/lncRNA-ANRIL/NLRP3 influences fibrosis and cardiac fibroblast pyroptosis. Here, we used ISO to induce myocardial fibrosis in mice, and LPS and ATP to induce myocardial fibroblast pyroptosis. The results showed that DNMT1, Caspase-1, and NLRP3 expression were significantly increased in fibrotic murine myocardium and pyroptotic cardiac fibroblasts, whereas LncRNA-ANRIL expression was decreased...

BACKGROUND: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common neurological complication of anesthesia and surgery in aging individuals. Neuroinflammation has been identified as a hallmark of POCD. However, safe and effective treatments of POCD are still lacking. Itaconate is an immunoregulatory metabolite derived from the tricarboxylic acid cycle that exerts anti-inflammatory effects by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. In this study, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanism of 4-octyl itaconate (OI), a cell-permeable itaconate derivative, on POCD in aged mice...

OBJECTIVE: Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are associated with significant mortality rates. The role of Fcgr2b in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS is not fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the functions of Fcgr2b in ALI/ARDS and explore its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Methods: In this study, rat models of ARDS and pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (PMVEC) injury models were established through the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)...

BACKGROUND: Untargeted metabolomics and proteomics were employed to investigate the intracellular response of yak rumen epithelial cells (YRECs) to conditions mimicking subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) etiology, including exposure to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), low pH5.5 (Acid), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure for 24 h. RESULTS: These treatments significantly altered the cellular morphology of YRECs. Metabolomic analysis identified significant perturbations with SCFA, Acid and LPS treatment affecting 259, 245 and 196 metabolites (VIP > 1, P < 0...

OBJECTIVES: Sepsis is a life-threatening infectious disease in which an immune inflammatory response is triggered. The potential effect of ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) in inflammation of sepsis remained unclear. We focused on identifying and validating core FRGs and their association with immune infiltration in blood from currently all patients with sepsis. METHODS: All current raw data of septic blood were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus. After removing the batch effect merging into a complete dataset and obtaining Diferentially expressed genes (DEGs)...

Continuous and aberrant activation of myofibroblasts is the hallmark of pathological fibrosis (e.g., abnormal wound healing). The deposition of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) components alters or increases the stiffness of tissue and primarily accounts for multiple organ dysfunctions. Among various proteins, Cadherin-11 (CDH11) has been reported to be overexpressed on myofibroblasts in fibrotic tissues. Anti-apoptotic proteins such as (B cell lymphoma-2) (BCL-2) are also upregulated on myofibroblasts...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (AM, recorded in https://www.worldfloraonline.org, 2023-08-03) is a kind of medicine food homology plant with a long medicinal history in China. Astragaloside III (AS-III) has immunomodulatory effects and is one of the most active components in AM. However, its underlying mechanism of action is still not fully explained. AIM OF THE STUDY: The research was designed to discuss the protective effects of AS-III on immunosuppression and to elucidate its prospective mechanism...