Complex Partial Seizure

Inhibitory interneurons in the cortex are abundant and have diverse roles, classified as parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SOM), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) according to chemically defined categories. Currently, their involvement with seizures has been partially uncovered in physiological terms. Here, we propose a corticothalamic model containing heterogeneous interneurons to study the effects of various interneurons on absence seizure dynamics by means of optogenetic stimulation. First, the important role of feedforward inhibition caused by SRN→PV→PN projections on seizures is verified...

Co-morbidities, such as cognitive deficits, which often accompany epilepsies constitute a basal state, while seizures are rare and transient events. This suggests that neural dynamics, in particular those supporting cognitive function, are altered in a permanent manner in epilepsy. Here, we test the hypothesis that primitive processes of information processing at the core of cognitive function - storage and sharing of information - are altered in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex in experimental epilepsy in adult, male Wistar rats...

Epileptic seizure detection aims to replace unreliable seizure diaries by a model that automatically detects seizures based on electroencephalography (EEG) sensors. However, developing such a model is difficult and time consuming as it requires manually searching for relevant features from complex EEG data. Domain experts may have a partial understanding of the EEG characteristics that indicate seizures, but this knowledge is often not sufficient to exhaustively enumerate all relevant features. To address this challenge, we investigate how automated feature construction may complement hand-crafted features for epileptic seizure detection...

Canine idiopathic head tremor syndrome (CIHTS) represents a benign condition characterized by episodic, uncontrolled movement of the head. Even though the condition might be an expression of a partial motor epilepsy, to date, there is a limited number of studies describing the electroencephalographic features. In this report, we describe the case of a dog diagnosed with partial motor epilepsy resembling CIHTS symptomatology, a new slow spike-wave complex pattern similar to that of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in humans identified on electroencephalographic examination...

About 1-2% of people worldwide suffer from epilepsy, which is characterized by unpredictable and intermittent seizure occurrence. Despite the fact that the exact origin of temporal lobe epilepsy is frequently unknown, it is frequently linked to an early triggering insult like brain damage, tumors, or Status Epilepticus (SE). We used an experimental approach consisting of electrical stimulation of the amygdaloid complex to induce two behaviorally and structurally distinct SE states: Type I (fully convulsive), with more severe seizure behaviors and more extensive brain damage, and Type II (partial convulsive), with less severe seizure behaviors and brain damage...

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy ranks among the major noncommunicable diseases that confer significant morbidity and mortality. A lack of knowledge about epilepsy, coupled with negative attitude and false practices, has been shown to be influenced by sociodemographic parameters and in turn impacts healthcare-seeking behavior. METHODS: An observational single-center study was conducted at a tertiary care center in western India. Data on sociodemographic parameters, clinical and healthcare-seeking patterns were recorded from all patients above 18 years with a diagnosis of epilepsy...

The allosteric inhibitor of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) everolimus reduces seizures in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) patients through partial inhibition of mTOR functions. Due to its limited brain permeability, we sought to develop a catalytic mTOR inhibitor optimized for central nervous system (CNS) indications. We recently reported an mTOR inhibitor ( 1 ) that is able to block mTOR functions in the mouse brain and extend the survival of mice with neuronal-specific ablation of the Tsc 1 gene...

In this study, we classify the seizure types using feature extraction and machine learning algorithms. Initially, we pre-processed the electroencephalogram (EEG) of focal non-specific seizure (FNSZ), generalized seizure (GNSZ), tonic-clonic seizure (TCSZ), complex partial seizure (CPSZ) and absence seizure (ABSZ). Further, 21 features from time (9) and frequency (12) domain were computed from the EEG signals of different seizure types. XGBoost classifier model was built for individual domain features and combination of time and frequency features and validated the results using 10-fold cross-validation...

UNLABELLED: Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening condition associated with at least 5 min of continuous seizures or repeated seizures without regaining consciousness between episodes. It is a medical emergency with significant morbidity and mortality. The most common causes of SE are previous seizures, stroke, trauma, metabolic disorders, and central nervous system tumor. The aim of this review was to systematically review articles and ultimately develop evidence-based guidelines for the management of SE in resource-limited settings...

Lactate shuttled from the blood circulation, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes or even activated microglia (resident macrophages) to neurons has been hypothesized to represent a major source of pyruvate compared to what is normally produced endogenously by neuronal glucose metabolism. However, the role of lactate oxidation in fueling neuronal signaling associated with complex cortex function, such as perception, motor activity, and memory formation, is widely unclear. This issue has been experimentally addressed using electrophysiology in hippocampal slice preparations (ex vivo) that permit the induction of different neural network activation states by electrical stimulation, optogenetic tools or receptor ligand application...

Rhythmic physical stimulations have emerged as effective noninvasive intervention strategies in the treatment of pathological cognitive deficits. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can regulate neural firing and improve the learning and memory abilities of rodents or patients with cognitive deterioration. However, the effects of elaborate magnetic stimulation with low intensity during aging or other neurological disordering processes on cognitive decline remain unclear. In this study, we developed an elaborate modulated pulsed magnetic field (PMF) stimulation with a complex pattern in the theta repeated frequency and gamma carrier frequency and then determined the effects of this rhythmic PMF on the cognitive function of accelerated aging mice established by chronic subcutaneous injection of D-galactose (D-gal)...

DEPDC5 is an upstream repressor of the mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway via the GATOR-1 complex. Pathogenic variants causing loss of function typically result in familial focal epilepsy with variable foci. Neuroimaging may either be normal or show brain malformations. Lesional and nonlesional cases may be present within the same family. Here, we describe a parent-child dyad affected by a truncating DEPDC5 pathogenic variant (c.727C > T; p.Arg243*), analyze the epilepsy clinical course, and describe neuroimaging characteristics from a 3T brain magnetic resonance imaging...

A 49-year-old lady, hypertensive with dyslipidaemia, had thalamic bleed with intracranial multiple micro-haemorrhages. An extensive search was done and vasculitis was ruled out in the patient. Henceforth, she remained strict with medications and maintained blood pressure and lipids under control. After a lucid interval of 3 years, she attended emergency with complex partial seizure. We detected extensive microbleeds (significant increment) in magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and periventricular ischemic changes...

Febrile seizures (FS) are the most common form of epilepsy in children between six months and five years of age. FS is a self-limited type of fever-related seizure. However, complicated prolonged FS can lead to complex partial epilepsy. We found that among the GABAA receptor subunit ( GABR ) genes, most variants associated with FS are harbored in the γ2 subunit ( GABRG2 ). Here, we characterized the effects of eight variants in the GABAA receptor γ2 subunit on receptor biogenesis and channel function...

PURPOSE: The FAT1 gene encodes FAT atypical cadherin 1, which is essential for foetal development, including brain development. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between FAT1 variants and epilepsy. METHODS: Trio-based whole-exome sequencing was performed on a cohort of 313 patients with epilepsy. Additional cases with FAT1 variants were collected from the China Epilepsy Gene V.1.0 Matching Platform. RESULTS: Four pairs of compound heterozygous missense FAT1 variants were identified in four unrelated patients with partial (focal) epilepsy and/or febrile seizures, but without intellectual disability/developmental abnormalities...

OBJECTIVES: The MED12 gene encodes mediator complex subunit 12, which is a component of the mediator complex involved in the transcriptional regulation of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. MED12 variants have previously been associated with developmental disorders with or without nonspecific intellectual disability. This study aims to explore the association between MED12 variants and epilepsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Trios-based whole-exome sequencing was performed in a cohort of 349 unrelated cases with partial (focal) epilepsy without acquired causes...

The ATP1A3 gene, which encodes the Na+ /K+ -ATPase α3 catalytic subunit, plays a crucial role in both physiological and pathological conditions in the brain, and mutations in this gene have been associated with a wide variety of neurological diseases by impacting the whole infant development stages. Cumulative clinical evidence suggests that some severe epileptic syndromes have been linked to mutations in ATP1A3 , among which inactivating mutation of ATP1A3 has been intriguingly found to be a candidate pathogenesis for complex partial and generalized seizures, proposing ATP1A3 regulators as putative targets for the rational design of antiepileptic therapies...

Background: Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein deficiencies (GPI-ADs) are commonly associated with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Cannabidiol (CBD) is approved for the adjunctive treatment of seizures in Dravet/Lennox-Gastaut Syndromes and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. We report on the efficacy and safety of CBD for the treatment of DRE in patients with genetically proven GPI-AD. Patients and Methods: Patients received add-on treatment with purified GW-pharma CBD (Epidyolex® ). Efficacy endpoints were the percentage of patients with ≥50% (responders) or >25<50% (partial responders) reduction in monthly seizures from baseline and at 12 (M12) months of follow-up...

Vigabatrin is one of the second-generation anti-seizure medications (ASMs) designated orphan drugs by the FDA for monotherapy for pediatric patients with infantile spasms from 1 month to 2 years of age. Vigabatrin is also indicated as the adjunctive therapy for adults and pediatric patients 10 years of age and older with refractory complex partial seizures. Ideally, the vigabatrin treatment entails achieving complete seizure freedom without significant adverse effects, and the therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) will make a significant contribution to this aim, which provides a pragmatic approach to such epilepsy care in that the dose tailoring can be undertaken for uncontrollable seizures and in cases of clinical toxicity guided by the drug concentrations...

In this work, an attempt has been made to develop an automated system for detecting electroclinical seizures such as tonic-clonic seizures, complex partial seizures, and electrographic seizures (EGSZ) using higher-order moments of scalp electroencephalography (EEG). The scalp EEGs of the publicly available Temple University database are utilized in this study. The higher-order moments, namely skewness and kurtosis, are extracted from the temporal, spectral, and maximal overlap wavelet distributions of EEG. The features are computed from overlapping and non-overlapping moving windowing functions...