Nontuberculous mycobacterium infection

Two lipoglycans, lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM), play various, albeit incompletely defined, roles in the interactions of mycobacteria with the host. Growing evidence points to the modification of LM and LAM with discrete covalent substituents as a strategy used by these bacteria to modulate their biological activities. One such substituent, originally identified in Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ), is a 5-methylthio-d-xylose (MTX) sugar, which accounts for the antioxidative properties of LAM...

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium xenopi is a common nontuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) that is slow growing and an infrequent cause of infection. When infections do occur, it is by exposure to contaminated soil or water or to infectious aerosols. Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in the spine are exceedingly rare. Risk factors can include immunosuppression, particularly human immunodeficiency virus; however, other systemic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been reported...

BACKGROUND: Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) often exhibits pulmonary function impairment, such as obstructive or restrictive pattern, with variation among patients according to the damaged lesions in the lung. METHODS: Patients with NTM-PD were consecutively enrolled between September 2019 and December 2020 at the Respiratory Infection Clinic of our hospital. Patients' data were comprehensively collected through laboratory examinations, PFT, chest computed tomography, and questionnaires for the assessment of subjective symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQOL)...

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) commonly manifest as cervical lymphadenitis in immunocompetent children. Only a few species, such as Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), cause infection in children. With recent advances in gene sequencing, Mycobacterium interjectum has been identified as a rare cause of adenitis in children, with at least ten cases reported since 1993. Curative treatment for NTM lymphadenitis, particularly when caused by MAC, usually involves complete surgical excision of the affected lymph nodes...

Mycobacterium thermoresistibile is a thermotolerant nontuberculous mycobacterium which can rarely result in human infection. Although immunosuppression has been identified as a risk factor for infection, it is possible that mycobacterial laboratories may have previously under-recognized M. thermoresistibile as standard mycobacterial incubation temperatures are suboptimal for culture of this organism. Here, we present a case of severe M. thermoresistibile pneumonia associated with achalasia requiring life support in the intensive care unit...

Established treatment strategies for nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are currently lacking, and whether surgical treatment should be applied in combination with antibiotic therapy remains debatable. Here, we report a case of bilateral otitis media caused by Mycobacterium abscessusa, a highly antibiotic-resistant bacterium. Many reported cases of NTM otitis media are unilateral, in which hearing of the contralateral ear is preserved. In the present case, strategies to improve hearing outcomes were considered, as both ears were affected...

BACKGROUND: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental bacteria which may cause chronic lung disease. The prevalence of NTM pulmonary infection and disease has been increasing in the United States and globally. The predominant clinically relevant species of NTM in the United States are Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) species and Mycobacterium abscessus. With the development of rapid species identification methods for NTM (e.g. PCR probes), more testing for NTM is being conducted through commercial labs, such as Laboratory Corporation of America (Labcorp), which provides deidentified real-time testing data to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) pursuant to a data sharing agreement...

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major global health challenge, killing over 1.5 million people each year, and hence, there is a need to identify and develop novel treatments for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). The prevalence of infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is also increasing and has overtaken TB cases in the United States and much of the developed world. Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) is one of the most frequently encountered NTM and is difficult to treat. We describe the use of drug-disease association using a semantic knowledge graph approach combined with machine learning models that has enabled the identification of several molecules for testing anti-mycobacterial activity...

The diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections is challenging in pediatric solid organ transplant and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients due to the absence of specific clinical manifestations, limitations of sampling, prolonged times for culture and identification, and difficulty discerning colonization from clinical disease. Treatment is dependent on the nontuberculous mycobacterial species, disease type, and pattern of drug resistance. Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections involves prolonged durations of therapy using multiple medications, which are limited by toxicities and drug-drug interactions...

Mycolicibacterium fortuitum , a fast-growing nontuberculous mycobacterium, is a significant pathogen in healthcare-associated infections, encompassing skin, soft tissue, and pulmonary diseases. In this study, we present draft genome sequences from 12 M . fortuitum strains isolated from sputum samples from patients diagnosed with pulmonary infections in Mexico.

Because epidemiologic and environmental risk factors for nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been reported only infrequently, little information exists about those factors. The state of Virginia, USA, requires certain ecologic features to be included in reports to the Virginia Department of Health, presenting a unique opportunity to study those variables. We analyzed laboratory reports of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and M. abscessus infections in Virginia during 2021-2023. MAC/M. abscessus was isolated from 6...

Mycobacterium shinjukuense is a nontuberculous mycobacterium, and standard treatment for the infection has not been established. We report two cases of M. shinjukuense pulmonary disease in which two patients were treated with clarithromycin (CAM), rifampicin (RFP), and ethambutol (EB). Based on computed tomography (CT) findings, the patients experienced improvement with treatment. Reports of multiple cases of M. shinjukuense pulmonary disease treated with clarithromycin, rifampicin, and ethambutol are valuable, and they suggest that this regimen may be a new treatment option...

BACKGROUND: Evidence regarding the association of the usage of biologic agents (Etanercept, Tocilizumab, adalimumab and so on), such as anti-tumor necrosis factor α, with the incidence and risk factors of non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) infection is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the incidence and risk factors of NTM and their associations with biologic agents' usage, and also investigated the potential of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) antibodies as a predictor of NTM infection development...

We herein report an unusual case of Mycobacterium mageritense pacemaker infection at generator site in a 62-year old female with no pertinent past medical history. Pacemaker-related infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria are rare but can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Mycobacterium mageritense is rarely reported in pacemaker infections and is challenging to treat due to resistance to many antimicrobial agents. In our case, the patient's pacemaker infection did not respond to standard treatment, leading to complete device removal...

Infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria have increased more than 50% in the past two decades and more than doubled in the elderly population. Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab), one of the most prevalent of these rapidly growing species, is intrinsically resistant to numerous antibiotics. Current standard-of-care treatments are not satisfactory, with high failure rate and notable adverse effects. We report here a potent anti-Mab compound from the flexible molecular framework afforded by conjugated oligoelectrolytes (COEs)...

BACKGROUND: The accurate identification of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and different nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species is crucial for the timely diagnosis of NTM infections and for reducing poor prognoses. Nucleotide matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) has been extensively used for microbial identification with high accuracy and throughput. However, its efficacy for Mycobacterium species identification has been less studied...

BACKGROUND: Intestinal nontuberculous mycobacteriosis due to nontuberculous mycobacteria infection has clinical manifestations similar to intestinal tuberculosis and inflammatory bowel disease, causing difficulties in clinical diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 42-year-old male patient was admitted to the Sino-Japanese Friendship Hospital of Jilin University in June 2021 for diarrhea and intermittent hematochezia since April 2021. He was diagnosed with inflammatory intestinal disease by colonoscopy and midtransverse colon biopsy...

Nontuberculous mycobacteria are opportunistic bacteria pulmonary and extra-pulmonary infections in humans that closely resemble Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Although genome sequencing strategies helped determine NTMs, a common assay for the detection of coinfection by multiple NTMs with M. tuberculosis in the primary attempt of diagnosis is still elusive. Such a lack of efficiency leads to delayed therapy, an inappropriate choice of drugs, drug resistance, disease complications, morbidity, and mortality. Although a high-resolution LC-MS/MS-based multiprotein panel assay can be developed due to its specificity and sensitivity, it needs a library of species-specific peptides as a platform...

Mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) are capable of infecting a wide variety of animals. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) has been recognized as an important wildlife reservoir for bovine tuberculosis. We screened wild boar in Slovenia for the presence of (1) Mycobacterium bovis in tissues and (2) antibodies to M. bovis in blood samples. In 2016 and 2017, 1284 tissue samples from 676 wild boar were subjected to cultivation. In 2018 and 2019, blood samples from 132 wild boar were examined using an ELISA kit...

In the recent decade, scientific communities have toiled to tackle the emerging burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) and rapidly growing opportunistic nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Among these, two neglected mycobacteria species of the Acinetobacter family, Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium ulcerans , are the etiological agents of leprosy and Buruli ulcer infections, respectively, and fall under the broad umbrella of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Unfortunately, lackluster drug discovery efforts have been made against these pathogenic bacteria in the recent decade, resulting in the discovery of only a few countable hits and majorly repurposing anti-TB drug candidates such as telacebec (Q203), P218, and TB47 for current therapeutic interventions...