Latent TB infection

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) elimination requires identifying and treating persons with TB infection (TBI).AimWe estimate the prevalence of positive interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) tests (including TB) and TBI (excluding TB) in Denmark based on TBI screening data from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or inflammatory rheumatic disease (IRD).MethodsUsing nationwide Danish registries, we included all patients with IBD or IRD with an IGRA test performed between 2010 and 2018. We estimated the prevalence of TBI and positive IGRA with 95% confidence intervals (CI) in adolescents and adults aged 15-64 years after sample weighting adjusting for distortions in the sample from the background population of Denmark for sex, age group and TB incidence rates (IR) in country of birth...

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis is one of the infectious diseases with greater morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cancer causes an important immunosuppression with increased risk of infections. There is an enlarged bidirectional incidence between tuberculosis and cancer, mainly due to latent tuberculosis. GUIDELINES REVIEW: There is great discrepancy between recommendations for screening and prophylaxis of latent tuberculosis in patients with solid tumors and systemic cancer therapy among different medical societies and guidelines...

BACKGROUND: Latent tuberculosis (LTB) is a condition where the patient is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis but does not develop active TB. There's a possibility of tuberculosis (TB) activation following the introduction of anti-TNFs. OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of biological therapy inducing LTB during inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) treatment over 15 years in a high-risk area in Brazil. METHODS: A retrospective study of an IBD patients' database was carried out in a private reference clinic in Brazil...

BACKGROUND: Latent tuberculosis (TB) infection can progress to active TB, which perpetuates community transmission that undermines global TB control efforts. Clinically, interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) are commonly used for active TB case detection. However, low IGRA sensitivity rates lead to false-negative results for a high proportion of active TB cases, thus highlighting IGRA ineffectiveness in differentiating MTB-infected individuals from healthy individuals. METHODS: Participants enrolled at Beijing Chest Hospital from May 2020-April 2022 were assigned to healthy control (HC), LTBI, IGRA-positive TB, and IGRA-negative TB groups...

BACKGROUND: Smoking and alcohol use frequently co-occur and are the leading causes of preventable death in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and are common among people living with HIV (PLWH). While alcohol use has been shown to be associated with reduced adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART), which may affect HIV viral suppression, the independent effect of smoking on HIV outcomes in SSA is unknown. We aimed to 1) describe the prevalence of current smoking and correlates of smoking; 2) assess the association of smoking with viral suppression, adjusting for level of alcohol use; 3) explore the relationship between smoking and CD4 cell count <350 cells/mm3, among participants who are virally suppressed...

This chapter outlines the methodology employed to infect the chorionic and amniotic membranes with Mycobacterium tuberculosis during pregnancy. Particularly, congenital tuberculosis, a rare and serious condition associated with cases in neonates and reactivation of latent tuberculosis in pregnant mothers, is interesting to study. Understanding the mechanisms of infection and the response of fetal membranes is crucial for developing effective treatments in these cases, which will promote better neonatal and maternal health in situations of tuberculosis during pregnancy...

ELISpot (enzyme-linked immunospot) is a powerful immunological tool for the detection of cytokine-secreting cells at a single-cell resolution. It is widely used for the diagnosis of various infectious diseases, e.g., tuberculosis and sarcoidosis, and it is also widely used in cancer immunotherapy research. Its ability to distinguish between active and latent forms of tuberculosis makes it an extremely powerful tool for epidemiological studies and contact tracing. In addition to that, it is a very useful tool for the research and development of cancer immunotherapies...

BACKGROUND: No gold standard diagnostic test exists for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). The intra-dermal tuberculin skin test (TST) has known limitations and Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) have been developed as an alternative. We aimed to assess agreement between IGRA and TST, and risk factors for test positivity, in Indonesian healthcare students. METHODS: Medical and nursing students starting their clinical training were screened using IGRA and TST...

BACKGROUND: The population with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) represents a potential pool of patients with active tuberculosis (ATB). T-SPOT.TB is an important test tool for screening LTBI. Owing to the large population of LTBI patients in China, it is necessary to identify a high-risk group for LTBI and enlarge tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) to reduce the incidence of ATB. METHODS: Hospitalized patients with positive T-SPOT.TB results were recruited from January 2013 to December 2016...

Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, has persisted as a major global public health threat for millennia. Until now, TB continues to challenge efforts aimed at controlling it, with drug resistance and latent infections being the two main factors hindering treatment efficacy. The scientific community is still striving to understand the underlying mechanisms behind Mtb's drug resistance and latent infection. DNA methylation, a critical epigenetic modification occurring throughout an individual's growth and development, has gained attention following advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to synthesize the evidence on the prevalence of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among undergraduate health care students. METHODS: A systematic review of prevalence with meta-analysis was conducted. Prospective and retrospective cohorts and cross-sectional studies involving probable exposure to M. tuberculosis during undergraduate education, along with the tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) for investigation of latent tuberculosis were searched...

OBJECTIVE: Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe form of tuberculosis (TB). The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the number of natural killer (NK) cells and adaptive immune status, and disease severity in TBM patients. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study on 244 TB patients and 146 healthy control subjects in the 8th Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital from March 2018 and August 2023. RESULTS: The absolute count of NK cells in the peripheral blood of TBM patients was significantly lower than that in normal controls (NC), latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), and non-severe TB (NSTB) patients ( p  < 0...

PURPOSE: Early recognition and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection(LTBI) is key to tuberculosis(TB) prevention. However, the emergence of LTBI is influenced by a combination of factors, of which the role of individual immune cytokines remains controversial. The aim of this study is to explore the influencing factors of LTBI and their effects with cytokines on LTBI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Close contacts of tuberculosis in Urumqi City from 2021 to 2022 were selected for the study to conduct a field survey...

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exposure leads to a range of outcomes including clearance, latent TB infection (LTBI), and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Some heavily exposed individuals resist tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) conversion (RSTR), which suggests that they employ IFNγ-independent mechanisms of Mtb control. Here, we compare monocyte epigenetic profiles of RSTR and LTBI from a Ugandan household contact cohort. Chromatin accessibility did not differ between uninfected RSTR and LTBI monocytes...

Drug resistance to tuberculosis (TB) has become an obstacle in eliminating tuberculosis. The transmission of drug-resistant TB from patients increases the incidence of primary drug-resistant (DR) TB in individuals who are in close contact. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate an immunological approach into preventive therapy. This study focuses on the activity of lysosomal enzymes, oxygen bursts, and the attachment ability of macrophages among individuals diagnosed with active drug-resistant TB compared with close contacts with latent TB or healthy cases...

In recent years, novel specific Mycobacteria Tuberculous antigen-based skin test (TBST) has become available for clinical use. The mechanism of TBST is similar to the interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), making them potential alternative for identifying latent tuberculous infection (LTBI), especially in subjects with history of BCG vaccination. Three different commercial brands have been developed in Denmark, Russia and China. Clinical studies in the respective countries have shown promising sensitivity, specificity and safety profile...

OBJECTIVE: Biologic therapy has changed the prognosis of patients with rheumatologic disease. Despite all benefits of the biological agents, adverse events may occur due to their long-term use. The aim of this study is to analyze the adverse events observed in pediatric patients who received biological treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted between January 2010 and January 2022. File records of 139 patients used biological agents for rheumatologic diseases in a pediatric rheumatology clinic were evaluated...

Appendiceal tuberculosis is a rare mimic of acute appendicitis, demonstrated by several case reports of patients from tuberculosis endemic countries. On literature review, there are few cases reported of appendiceal tuberculosis in urban England, and no reports from rural England. This case describes a patient with primary appendiceal tuberculosis from a remote district hospital in England who underwent a diagnostic laparoscopy for suspected acute appendicitis. Intraoperatively, an abnormal appearance with extensive intra-abdominal adhesions was seen in addition to appendicitis, making the diagnosis dubious...

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a worldwide disease. VDD is also associated with an increased risk of HIV-related comorbidities and mortality, and patients have a tendency to develop active tuberculosis compared to those with latent tuberculosis infection. Vitamin D supplementation may modulate HIV replication, improve TB inflammation and reduce progression of HIV-TB co-infection. METHODS: We meta-analyzed individual participant data from cohort studies, cross-sectional study, and RCTs of vitamin D in HIV group, TB group, and HIV-TB group...