review article

INTRODUCTION: The indications for reduction and fixation of the posterior malleolus component of rotational ankle fractures have been controversial for nearly a century. This study aims to identify the historical basis for surgical intervention and trace trends in management strategies over time. METHODS: In March 2023, a systematic review of full-text, English-language articles providing indications for surgical fixation of the posterior malleolus component of rotational ankle fractures was performed...

PURPOSE: To analyze the effectiveness of coating of abutments with antimicrobial agents and their influence on the physicochemical and biologic properties of the coated materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This work was registered in Open Science Framework (osf.io/6tkcp) and followed the PRISMA protocols. A search of two independent reviewers of articles published up to October 29, 2021, was performed in the Embase, PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus databases. RESULTS: The databases found a total of 1,474 references...

External fixation is a widely used technique for a myriad of bone fractures and pathologies in all extremities. Despite its widespread use, controversies and unknowns still exist. This review article seeks to discuss current literature surrounding pin insertion technique, pin-site care, intraoperative use during conversion to definitive fixation, the relationship of pin sites to definitive fixation, and pin-site management after removal for temporary external fixation.

Anterior cervical spine surgery (ACSS) is a surgical intervention widely used for a myriad of indications including degenerative, oncologic, inflammatory, traumatic, and congenital spinal conditions. A primary concern for surgeons performing ACSS is the postoperative development of oropharyngeal dysphagia. Current literature reports a wide incidence of this complication ranging from 1 to 79%. Dysphagia after ACSS is multifactorial, with common risk factors being prolonged duration of operation, revision surgeries, multilevel surgeries, and use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2...

Neuroendocrine neoplasms are a heterogeneous group of gastrointestinal and lung tumors. Their diverse clinical manifestations, variable locations, and heterogeneity present notable diagnostic challenges. This article delves into the imaging modalities vital for their detection and characterization. Computed tomography is essential for initial assessment and staging. At the same time, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is particularly adept for liver, pancreatic, osseous, and rectal imaging, offering superior soft tissue contrast...

Recently, it has been recognized that changes in sagittal alignment and spinopelvic mobility due to alterations of the lumbosacral spine can influence the dislocation of a hip replacement. The biggest difficulties for this problem are: a) the bibliography related to this topic has been written in English and there is confusion in its terminology; b) there is no consensus on what parameters should be used to identify, measure, and estimate the risks of dislocation occurring; c) the basic concepts that interrelate spinal disorders and prosthetic dislocation are not clearly understood; and d) spine and hip surgeons pursue different goals...

Predatory journals are distinguished from legitimate journals by their lack of adequate reviews and editorial processes, compromising the quality of published content. These journals do not conduct peer reviews or detect plagiarism, and accept manuscripts without requiring substantial modifications. Their near 100% acceptance rate is driven by profit motives, regardless of the content they publish. While they boast a prestigious editorial board composed of renowned researchers, in most cases, it is a facade aimed at impressing and attracting investigators...

Peptides exhibit various biological activities, including biorecognition, cell targeting, and tumor penetration, and can stimulate immune cells to elicit immune responses for tumor immunotherapy. Peptide self-assemblies and peptide-functionalized nanocarriers can reduce the effect of various biological barriers and the degradation by peptidases, enhancing the efficiency of peptide delivery and improving anti-tumor immune responses. To date, the design and development of peptides with various functionalities have been extensively reviewed for enhanced chemotherapy; however, peptide-mediated tumor immunotherapy using peptides acting on different immune cells, to the knowledge, has not yet been summarized...

Climate change and rapid population ageing pose challenges for communities and public policies. This systematic review aims to gather data from studies that present health indicators establishing the connection between climate change and the physical and mental health of the older population (≥ 65 years), who experience a heightened vulnerability to the impacts of climate change when compared to other age cohorts. This review was conducted according to the PICO strategy and following Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines...

People with opioid use disorder (OUD) are a vulnerable population who face unique risks of harm when participating in research. Despite a long-standing dialogue, written research codes of ethics, and institutional review board oversight for the conduct of ethical research in vulnerable populations, protections for study populations with OUD is rarely mentioned. Nurse practitioners who conduct research using participants with OUD, especially when recruiting their own patients (i.e., dual role), must be aware of the unique ethical considerations necessary to protect their patients and participants from increased risks...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article reviews recent advances in ultrasound elastography in diagnosing and evaluating the normal nongravid uterus and the infertile uterus in the gynecologic patient. RECENT FINDINGS: Focusing on the most recent primary literature, studies have demonstrated new findings among a breadth of gynecologic clinical settings. Studies in the nongravid uterus have found that menopausal status, age, and menstrual phase have not been associated with changes in uterine tissue stiffness...

Worldwide, all countries have been facing the crisis of climate change problem. They have been addressing this issue by focusing on implementing green energy innovation initiatives and promoting a sustainable future through environmental sustainability. In this research study, we focus on examining the role of green finance through green energy innovations, which are taking place in several sectors across different regions to promote environmental sustainability. The study has analysed 152 articles on this research domain through a systematic literature review to understand the present state of existing knowledge...

BACKGROUND: Geriatric patients, prone to adverse events (AEs) and low compliance with drugs, may benefit from minimally invasive surgical therapies (MISTs) for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We evaluated the efficacy, safety, and procedural characteristics of MISTs in geriatric patients with BPH. METHODS: PubMed/MEDLINE database was systematically searched for relevant articles through October 1, 2023. Eligible studies focused on geriatric patients (≥65 years) with BPH who were treated with MISTs and evaluated follow-up surgical, micturition, and/or sexual outcomes...

OBJECTIVES: To develop consensus data statements and clinical recommendations to provide guidance for improving cardiometabolic health outcomes in people with HIV based on the knowledge and experience of an international panel of experts. METHODS: A targeted literature review including 281 conference presentations, peer-reviewed articles, and background references on cardiometabolic health in adults with HIV published between January 2016 and April 2022 was conducted and used to develop draft consensus data statements...

In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time.

INTRODUCTION: Conus medullaris infarction (CMI) is a rare vascular phenomenon that has been scarcely reported in the literature. While previous studies have described the clinical and radiological features of CMI, little attention has been paid to its associated neurophysiological findings. METHODS: We present a case of idiopathic CMI and its neurophysiological findings, then present our findings from a systematic review of other reports of CMI with neurophysiological features found via PubMed search...

IMPORTANCE: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are common postoperative complications and associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and costs. Prophylactic intraoperative incisional wound irrigation is used to reduce the risk of SSIs, and there is great variation in the type of irrigation solutions and their use. OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcomes of different types of incisional prophylactic intraoperative incisional wound irrigation for the prevention of SSIs in all types of surgery...

PURPOSE: Proxy assessment can be elicited via the proxy-patient perspective (i.e., asking proxies to assess the patient's quality of life (QoL) as they think the patient would respond) or proxy-proxy perspective (i.e., asking proxies to provide their own perspective on the patient's QoL). This review aimed to identify the role of the proxy perspective in explaining the differences between self-rated and proxy-rated QoL in people living with dementia. METHODS: A systematic literate review was conducted by sourcing articles from a previously published review, supplemented by an update of the review in four bibliographic databases...

PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate different surgical approaches to long-gap esophageal atresia (LGEA) with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is unclear. METHODS: A systematic literature review was done comparing gastric transposition versus esophageal lengthening with delayed primary anastomosis in infants with LGEA+/-TEF. The primary outcome was time to full oral feeds. Secondary outcomes were time to full enteric feeds, need for further surgery, growth, mortality, and postoperative adverse events...

DISCLAIMER: In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. PURPOSE: To report historical patterns of pharmaceutical expenditures, to identify factors that may influence future spending, and to predict growth in drug spending in 2024 in the United States, with a focus on the nonfederal hospital and clinic sectors...