Triathlete

INTRODUCTION: Ironman triathletes undergo high workloads during competition preparation which can result in nonfunctional overreaching or overtraining syndrome if not matched with adequate recovery. PURPOSE: The purpose of this case study was to observe changes in physiological and psychological status over the course of a competitive season in a free-living triathlete. METHODS: The subject was a 41-year-old triathlete competing in three 113...

BACKGROUND: The ketogenic diet (KD) is the most popular carbohydrate restriction strategy for endurance athletes. However, because the primary goal of employing the KD is to gain a competitive advantage in competition, endurance athletes may be less concerned with the influence of the KD on their cardiometabolic health; particularly their blood lipid profiles. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the chronic and postprandial blood lipid alterations following a two-week ad libitum KD compared to an ad libitum high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and the athletes' habitual diet (HD) in a group of trained competitive cyclists and triathletes...

INTRODUCTION: For the downstream nociceptive processing of elite athletes recent studies indicate that athletes probably tolerate more pain as compared to a normally active population. Phenotyping the nociceptive processing of athletes in different types of endurance sports can provide insight into training-specific effects, which may help in understanding the long-term effects of specific exercise. METHODS: 26 elite endurance athletes from the disciplines of rowing, triathlon and running, and 26 age and sex-matched, recreationally active control subjects the subjective pain perception and processing of standardized noxious stimuli were investigated by EEG...

BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE: The literature shows that the prevalence of dietary supplements is high and guidance by a nutritionist or specialized professional is low in professional triathletes. It is reasonable to assume that in recreational triathletes, the prevalence of dietary supplements will also be high and that a significant portion of the sampled population will use supplements without any guidance from a qualified professional. The present study investigated dietary supplement use among Brazilian male recreational triathletes...

We assessed the training, work and Life Stress demands of a mixed gender group of 48 top amateur short-distance triathletes using an online retrospective epidemiological survey and the Life Events Survey for Collegiate Athletes. On superficial inspection, these mainly masters athletes appeared to undergo all the types of training that are recommended for the aging athlete. However, there were significant scheduling differences between their weekday vs. their weekend training, suggesting that age-groupers' outside sports commitments may affect their training efficacy...

The capacity of laboratory tests to predict competition performance has been broadly researched across several endurance sports. The aim of the present study was to analyse how pool swimming performance can predict the result of the swimming segment in triathlon competitions and compare predictability differences based on competition level and distance. Eighteen male triathletes participated in the study. Three were ranked world-class, ten elite/international level, and five highly trained/national level. A total of sixty-one graded multi-stage swimming tests were conducted...

OBJECTIVES: To deliver biological variation (BV) data for serum hepcidin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), erythropoietin (EPO) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in a population of well-characterized high-endurance athletes, and to evaluate the potential influence of exercise and health-related factors on the BV. METHODS: Thirty triathletes (15 females) were sampled monthly (11 months). All samples were analyzed in duplicate and BV estimates were delivered by Bayesian and ANOVA methods...

A well-synchronized circadian system is a manifestation of an individual's health. A gradual weakening of the circadian timing function characterizes aging. Regular exercise has been suggested as a modality to improve many detrimental changes associated with aging. Therefore, we aim to examine the benefits and risks of lifelong endurance exercise on age-dependent changes in the circadian time-keeping function, the performance of the muscular system and health status. The study protocol has a comparative cross-sectional design, including groups of senior (65 to 75 years old, n=16) and young (20-30 years old, n=16) endurance runners and triathletes...

This study aimed to determine the importance of the different relay legs and sport disciplines in the overall result of the triathlon Mixed Team Relay (MTR) events. The study analysed the results of 80 Mixed Team Relay triathlon teams (n = 320 professional triathletes) corresponding to the top ten finishers at the World Championships in Hamburg from 2013 to 2020. Split times, average speeds, time behind the race leader (gap), partial and finishing positions, as well as the rank positions of every segment, relay leg, and overall race were computed...

OBJECTIVES: Iliac endofibrosis (IE) is a rare arterial disease in endurance athletes, especially cyclists and triathletes. The diagnosis is considered challenging and the latency from the onset of initial symptoms to diagnosis is often several years. Diagnostic options include determination of the ankle brachial index (ABI) after maximal exercise as a non-invasive procedure, as well as duplex sonography, CT or MRI angiography, and invasive angiography. The aim of this paper is to analyse in more detail this time lag to correct diagnosis from the first description in 1985 to the year 2021, as well as to identify the most important diagnostic tools for practice...

Background: Respiratory muscle training (RMT) has been investigated in the context of improved athletic performance and pulmonary function. However, psychophysiological costs of RMT remain understudied. Voluntary isocapnic hyperpnoea (VIH) and inspiratory pressure threshold loading (IPTL) are widely applied RMT methods. The main purposes of this study were to assess whether RMT induces additional load on well-trained triathletes and determine differences in RMT-induced load between sexes and applied methods...

To determine the effects of intense training on aortic pulse wave variables and hemodynamic parameters at baseline and at recovery from maximal exercise testing (MaxET) in triathletes compared with sedentary individuals. In this prospective and experimental study, 21 triathletes and 21 sedentary individuals were recruited and evaluated prior and two minutes after the MaxET using the Mobil-O-Graph®, which estimates the aortic pulse wave from the brachial artery pressure. The augmentation index (AIx@75) was lower in triathletes after the MaxET compared to control group (16...

Pacing during cycling and running in an IRONMAN triathlon has been investigated in only one study with elite IRONMAN triathletes. We have, however, no knowledge of how professional triathletes pace during an IRONMAN World Championship. To investigate the split-by-split speed, pacing strategies and pacing variability in professional female and male IRONMAN World Championship participants in the fastest IRONMAN World Championship ever in IRONMAN Hawaii 2022. For both cycling and running, 25 specific split times were recorded in each discipline...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

BACKGROUND: The sex difference in the three split disciplines (swimming, cycling, and running) and overall race times in triathlon races has mainly been investigated for the Olympic distance and IRONMAN® triathlon formats, but not for the half IRONMAN® distance, i.e., the IRONMAN® 70.3. The aim of the present study was to investigate the sex differences in IRONMAN® 70.3 by age group in 5-year intervals for the split disciplines of this race. Data from 823,459 records (625,393 males and 198,066 females) of all age group finishers (in 5-year intervals) competing in all official IRONMAN® 70...

Although in recent years near-infrared spectroscopy has been used in many sports to monitor muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2 ), there is a lack of knowledge about the sex differences in SmO2 during exercise in different muscles. Our study aimed to examine SmO2 differences in muscles between female and male cyclists, during a graded cycling test and at the first and second lactate thresholds. Twenty-five trained cyclists and triathletes [15 males: 23 ±7 years, 1.78 ±0.05 m, 70.2 ±5.3 kg, and 10 females: 22 ±5 years, 1...

Iliac artery endofibrosis (IAE), as the name suggests, involves subintimal fibrosis of the iliac artery. IAE is most commonly associated with competitive athletics, particularly cycling, and remains a rather underappreciated diagnosis in the clinical setting. We present two unique and distinct presentations of IAE in competitive athletes. The first case involves a 38-year-old male cyclist who initially presented with complaints of a bulge at the right groin and acute onset monoplegia and paresthesia associated with exertion of the right lower extremity...

PURPOSE: To analyze the associations between physiological and biomechanical variables with the FINA (International Swimming Federation) points (ie, swimming performance) obtained in 1500-m front-crawl swimming to determine whether these variables can be used to explain triathletes' FINA points. METHODS: Fourteen world-class, international and national triathletes (10 male: 23.24 [3.70] y and 4 female: 23.36 [3.76] y) performed a 1500-m front-crawl swimming test in a short-course pool...

OBJECTIVE: The sports-science literature lacks data on training and performance characteristics of international elite athletes over multiple seasons. The present case study provided general training characteristics and performance data of two male short-distance triathletes in the Junior, U23, and international Elite categories. METHODS: General training and performance data of two male elite triathletes were described in swimming, cycling, and running segments from the 2015 to 2022 season...

Klawitter, LA, Hackney, KJ, Christensen, BK, Hamm, JM, Hanson, M, and McGrath, R. Using electronic handgrip dynamometry and accelerometry to examine multiple aspects of handgrip function in master endurance athletes: A Pilot Study. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1777-1782, 2023-Electronic handgrip dynamometry and accelerometry may provide novel opportunities to comprehensively measure muscle function for human performance, especially for master athletes. This investigation sought to determine the multivariate relationships between maximal strength, asymmetry, rate of force development, fatigability, submaximal force control, bimanual coordination, and neuromuscular steadiness to derive one or more handgrip principal components in master-aged endurance athletes...