Treatment, cure, breakthrough

The fatal amplification of lung cancer across the globe and the limitations of current treatment strategies emphasize the necessity for substitute therapeutics. The incorporation of phyto-derived components in chemo treatment holds promise in addressing those challenges. Despite the significant progressions in lung cancer therapeutics, the complexities of molecular mechanism and pathways underlying this disease remain inadequately understood, necessitating novel biomarker targeting. The Himalayas, abundant in diverse plant varieties with established chemotherapeutic potential, presents a promising avenue for investigating potential cures for lung carcinoma...

BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease. There is no cure currently. The discovery that mutations in the gene SOD1 are a cause of ALS marks a breakthrough in the search for effective treatments for ALS. SOD1 is an antioxidant that is highly expressed in motor neurons. Human SOD1 is prone to aberrant modifications. Familial ALS-linked SOD1 variants are particularly susceptible to aberrant modifications. Once modified, SOD1 undergoes conformational changes and becomes misfolded...

There are no cures for the most common neurodegenerative diseases. None of the currently approved treatments cure or halt these conditions; rather, they address symptoms or slow disease progression. A focus on protein deposits in the brain-a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD)-has led to the development of immunotherapy drugs. Other promising avenues of investigation include the roles of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration. However, the clinical impact of these approaches is still uncertain...

Gene therapy strategies that effectively inhibit HIV-1 replication are needed to reduce the requirement for lifelong antiviral therapy and potentially achieve a functional cure. We previously designed self-activating lentiviral vectors that efficiently delivered and expressed a Vif-resistant mutant of APOBEC3G (A3G-D128K) to T cells, which potently inhibited HIV-1 replication and spread with no detectable virus. Here, we developed vectors that express A3G-D128K, membrane-associated fusion inhibitor peptide mC46, and O6 -methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) selectable marker for in vivo selection of transduced CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells...

Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection poses unique challenges in patients with kidney disease. Direct-acting antivirals have been a major breakthrough in eradicating HCV infection, and several pangenotypic regimens are available for patients with chronic kidney disease or end-stage kidney disease requiring dialysis with high cure rates and no need for dose adjustment. Direct-acting antiviral therapy alone can treat HCV-associated cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis; concurrent antiviral and immunosuppressive therapy is needed for cases of severe, organ-threatening manifestations of cryoglobulinemia...

Medulloblastoma in infants and young children is a major challenge to treat because craniospinal irradiation (CSI), a cornerstone of therapy for older children, is disproportionately damaging to very young children. As a result, trials have attempted to delay, omit, and replace this therapy. Although success has been limited, the approach has not been a complete failure. In fact, this approach has cured a significant number of children with medulloblastoma. However, many children have endured intensive regimens of chemotherapy only to experience relapse and undergo salvage treatment with CSI, often at higher doses and with worse morbidity than they would have initially experienced...

Non-medicinal therapies with water, salts, exercise, massage, supportive devices, and electricity have been used for centuries and continue to be of benefit for some people with musculoskeletal disorders. Historical texts refer to the two electuaries mithridatium and theriaca as early therapeutic attempts of man to provide relief of musculoskeletal symptoms and attempt disease cures. For over 200 years, morphine-derived products have been used for musculoskeletal pain. The development of acetyl salicylic acid was a major breakthrough in joint pain management...

Chronic infection with hepatitis delta virus (HDV) affects between 12-20 million people worldwide and represents the most severe form of viral hepatitis, leading to accelerated liver disease progression, cirrhosis and its complications, such as end-stage-liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. From the discovery of HDV in 1977 by Prof. Mario Rizzetto, knowledge on the HDV life cycle and mechanisms of viral spread has expanded. However, little is still known about the natural history of the disease, host-viral interactions, and the role of the immune system in HDV persistence...

Medulloblastoma is the primary malignant embryonic tumor of the cerebellum and the most common malignant tumor of childhood, accounting up to 25% of all CNS tumors in children, but is extremely rare in adults. Despite the fact that medulloblastomas are one of the most malignant human tumors, it is worthy to note that a great breakthrough has been achieved in our understanding of oncogenesis and the development of real methods of treatment. The main objective of surgical treatment is a maximum resection of tumor with minimal impairment of neurological functions, in order to reduce the volume, remove tumor tissue, get the biopsy, and restore the cerebrospinal fluid flow...

BACKGROUND: Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) are two frequent multiple sclerosis (MS) subtypes that involve 10%-15% of patients. PPMS progresses slowly and is diagnosed later in life. Both subtypes are influenced by genetic and environmental factors such as smoking, obesity, and vitamin D insufficiency. Although there is no cure, ocrelizumab can reduce symptoms and delay disease development. RRMS is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation, demyelination, and disability...

As the search for modalities to cure Alzheimer's disease (AD) has made slow progress, research has now turned to innovative pathways involving neural and peripheral inflammation and neuro-regeneration. Widely used AD treatments provide only symptomatic relief without changing the disease course. The recently FDA-approved anti-amyloid drugs, aducanumab and lecanemab, have demonstrated unclear real-world efficacy with a substantial side effect profile. Interest is growing in targeting the early stages of AD before irreversible pathologic changes so that cognitive function and neuronal viability can be preserved...

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Although CVD events do not typically manifest until older adulthood, CVD develops gradually across the life-course, beginning with the elevation of risk factors observed as early as childhood or adolescence and the emergence of subclinical disease that can occur in young adulthood or midlife. Genomic background, which is determined at zygote formation, is among the earliest risk factors for CVD. With major advances in molecular technology, including the emergence of gene-editing techniques, along with deep whole-genome sequencing and high-throughput array-based genotyping, scientists now have the opportunity to not only discover genomic mechanisms underlying CVD but use this knowledge for the life-course prevention and treatment of these conditions...

Cancer, the most deadly disease, is known as a recent dilemma worldwide. Presently different treatments are used for curing cancers, especially solid cancers. Because of the immune-enhancing functions of cytokine, IL-21 as a cytokine may have new possibilities to manipulate the immune system in disease conditions, as it stimulates NK and CTL functions and drives IgG antibody production. Indeed, IL-21 has been revealed to elicit antitumor-immune responses in several tumor models. Combining IL-21 with other agents, which target tumor cells, immune-regulatory circuits, or other immune-enhancing molecules enhances this activity...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common metabolic disorder that occurs due to the loss, or impaired function of insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells, which are of two types - type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D). To cure DM, the replacement of the destroyed pancreatic beta cells of islet of Langerhans is the most widely practiced treatment. For this, isolating neuronal stem cells and cultivating them as a source of renewable beta cells is a significant breakthrough in medicine. The functions, growth, and gene expression of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells and neurons are very similar in many ways...

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, and up to 50% of all patients diagnosed will develop metastatic disease. Management of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) has been constantly improving, aided by newer and more effective chemotherapy agents and the use of multidisciplinary teams. However, the only curative treatment remains surgical resection of the CRLM. Although survival for surgically resected patients has shown modest improvement, this is mostly because of the fact that what is constantly evolving is the indication for resection...

Over the past 100 years, many major breakthroughs and discoveries have occurred in relation to vitamin D research. These developments include the cure of rickets in 1919, the discovery of vitamin D compounds, advances in vitamin D molecular biology, and improvements in our understanding of endocrine control of vitamin D metabolism. Furthermore, recommended daily allowances for vitamin D have been established and large clinical trials of vitamin D, aimed at clarifying the effect of Vitamin D in the prevention of multiple diseases, have been completed...

This article describes the public health impact of Alzheimer's disease, including prevalence and incidence, mortality and morbidity, use and costs of care, and the overall impact on family caregivers, the dementia workforce and society. The Special Report examines the patient journey from awareness of cognitive changes to potential treatment with drugs that change the underlying biology of Alzheimer's. An estimated 6.7 million Americans age 65 and older are living with Alzheimer's dementia today. This number could grow to 13...

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common, malignant, poorly promising primary brain tumor. GBM is characterized by an infiltrating growth nature, abundant vascularization, and a rapid and aggressive clinical course. For many years, the standard treatment of gliomas has invariably been surgical treatment supported by radio- and chemotherapy. Due to the location and significant resistance of gliomas to conventional therapies, the prognosis of glioblastoma patients is very poor and the cure rate is low...

CONTEXT: Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, and no effective cure exists for advanced GC. Clinicians believe that molecularly targeted therapy through PCGs may replace surgery, radiotherapy, and other treatments as a breakthrough in curing malignancies. OBJECTIVE: The study intended to examine the impact of aberrant expression of the protein-coding genes (PCGs) associated with regulatory T cells on the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer (GC)...

Hemophilia is a congenital bleeding disorder with a deficiency of coagulation factor 8 or 9 (hemophilia A or B, respectively) and a tendency for recurrent bleeding, especially into muscles and joints, which may cause orthopedic damage and necessitate joint replacement surgeries at a young age. In recent years, there has been a huge breakthrough in the treatment of hemophilia. Until recently, the only available therapy was based on repeated intravenous injection of factor concentrates (replacement therapy). Nowadays, new therapeutic options are being developed, some already registered and approved and others are still in clinical studies...