Bi-racial

Executive functions (EFs) are crucial for academic achievement, physical health, and mental well-being. Previous studies using structural equation models revealed EFs' developmental organization, evolving from one factor in childhood to three factors in adults: inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and updating. Recent network model studies confirmed this differentiation from childhood to adulthood. Reanalyzing previously published data from 1019 children (aged 7.8 to 15.3; 50.4% female; 59.1% White, 15.0% Latinx, 14...

OBJECTIVE: To examine the feasibility and acceptability of augmenting family-based treatment (FBT) for adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) or atypical anorexia nervosa (AAN) with a parent emotion coaching intervention (EC) focused on reducing parent expressed emotion. METHOD: In this pilot effectiveness trial, families of adolescents with AN/AAN exhibiting high expressed emotion received standard FBT with either (1) EC group or (2) support group (an attention control condition focused on psychoeducation)...

AIMS: Heart failure (HF) has shared genetic architecture with its risk factors: atrial fibrillation (AF), body mass index (BMI), coronary heart disease (CHD), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aim to assess the association and risk prediction performance of risk-factor polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for incident HF and its subtypes in bi-racial populations. METHODS AND RESULTS: Five PRSs were constructed for AF, BMI, CHD, SBP, and T2D in White participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study...

BACKGROUND: The association of different types of tocopherols (vitamin E) with cognition might vary by the APOEɛ4 allele status. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association of dietary tocopherols with cognitive decline among participants with and without the APOEɛ4 allele over a median of 12 years. METHODS: 2,193 participants from the Chicago Health and Aging Project were included in the analyses. Global cognition was assessed in three-year cycles...

BACKGROUND: Maltreated children are more likely to experience adolescent victimization, which may underlie the association between maltreatment and adolescent psychopathology and substance use. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether number of adolescent victimization types predicts adolescent psychopathology and problematic substance use over and above number of child maltreatment subtypes; whether adolescent victimization mediates the relations between maltreatment and change in adolescent psychopathology and problematic substance use; and whether maltreatment moderates the relation between adolescent victimization and changes in these outcomes...

Globally, government enforced lockdowns were one measure introduced to reduce the transmission of COVID-19. The impact of these social movement restrictions on victims of sexual assault and their access of sexual assault services needed clarity. This study aimed to understand the impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on: Sexual Assault Referral Centres (SARC) attendance; characteristics of clients; characteristics of alleged perpetrators and nature of sexual assaults. Routinely collected data from the Saint Mary's SARC in the North West of England over two financial years, April 2019-March 2020 (pre-COVID-19) and April 2020-March 2021 (during COVID-19), were analysed...

INTRODUCTION: Blood pressure is not optimally reduced in 3 of 4 patients with hypertension (HTN) in the United States. AIM: We analyzed for factors associations with premorbid non-adherence to HTN medications in acute stroke patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 225 acute stroke patients with self-reported adherence to HTM medications in a stroke registry in the Southeastern United States. We defined medication non-adherence as < 90% of prescribed...

BACKGROUND: African American (AA) adults have about twice the risk of developing dementia compared with white adults. However, evidence on dietary modification in preventing cognitive decline from diverse populations focusing on AA adults is minimal. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the association between a plant-based diet and the rate of cognitive decline in a population-based sample of AA and white adults. METHODS: This study consisted of 3337 participants from the Chicago Health and Aging Project (60% AA participants, 64% female)...

BACKGROUND: Aging-associated cognitive decline is greater in non-Hispanic Black (NHB) adults than non-Hispanic White (NHW) adults. An important risk factor for cognitive decline with aging is arterial stiffening, though the importance to racial variation remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association of an estimate of arterial stiffness with cognitive function in a bi-racial sample of 60-85-year-old adults (N = 3,616, 26.5% NHB) enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 1999-2002 and 2011-2014...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cardiovascular health (CVH), as many other aspects of health, is socially patterned. However, little is known about the socioeconomic determinants of following a more or less favourable pattern of CVH change at midlife. METHODS: We used data on 11,049 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, a prospective, population-based, bi-racial cohort that included participants aged 44-66 years in 1987-1989, who attended a second visit 6 years later...

Purpose: Expanded carrier screening (ECS) during prenatal care is an important test for identifying prospective parents' risk of inherited genetic diseases. However, barriers remain for effectively educating patients about ECS. Graphic medicine (i.e. comics) has grown as a mechanism for patient education. The purpose of this study was to explore attitudes and opinions of a comic to educate about ECS during prental care. Methods: Focus groups were conducted with pregnant women or women who recently gave birth (6 groups, n=54)...

BACKGROUND: Neighborhood social cohesion (NSC) is the network of relationships as well as the shared values and norms of residents in a neighborhood. Higher NSC has been associated with improved cardiovascular health, largely among Whites but not African Americans. In a bi-racial cohort, we aimed to study the association between NSC and chronic disease awareness and engagement in healthy self-management behaviors, two potential mechanisms by which NSC could impact cardiovascular health outcomes...

The association of atrial fibrillation (AF) with cognitive function remains unclear, especially among racially/geographically diverse populations. This analysis included 25,980 black and white adults, aged 48+, from the national REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort, free from cognitive impairment and stroke at baseline. Baseline AF was identified by self-reported medical history or electrocardiogram (ECG). Cognitive testing was conducted yearly with the Six Item Screener (SIS) to define impairment and at 2-year intervals to assess decline on: animal naming and letter fluency, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Word List Learning (WLL) and Delayed Recall tasks (WLD)...

Adolescence represents a developmental period of waning academic motivation, particularly in STEM domains. To combat this, better understanding the factors that might foster STEM motivation and interest is of importance. Social factors like social competencies and feelings of belonging become increasingly important in adolescence. The current study investigated structural relations between social competencies, feelings of belonging to an informal STEM learning program, math and science efficacy and interest in a sample of 268 adolescents (Mage  = 15...

Objective : The present study used a longitudinal design to examine associations between paternal depressive symptoms in toddlerhood and children's psychosocial adjustment during the preschool and school-age periods. Maternal depressive symptoms and intervention status were tested as moderators of associations between paternal depressive symptoms and child maladjustment. Method : The sample ( n = 264, 48% female, 62% White, 14% Black, 14% bi-racial, 11% another racial group, and 86% non-Hispanic/Latinx) represented a subsample of families from the Early Steps Multisite Study, a clinical randomized trial testing the effectiveness of the Family Check-Up among low-income families using Women, Infants, and Children Nutritional Supplement Services in three communities varied in urbanicity...

Objective : Adolescents with asthma are influenced by peers and family. The objective was to better understand family social support and test its association with medication adherence, asthma control, and Emergency Department (ED) use. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional secondary data analysis from a randomized controlled trial with urban adolescents from three U.S. cities. Participants (12-20 years old) with asthma completed the Perceived Family Support Scale (PFS) and Horne's Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS)...

Biological age (BA) is a construct that captures accelerated biological aging attributable to "wear and tear" from various exposures; we measured BA and weathering, defined as the difference between BA and chronological age, and their associations with race and psychosocial factors in a middle-aged bi-racial cohort. We used data from the Coronary Artery Risk in Young Adults study (CARDIA), conducted in 4 U.S. cities from 1985-2016 to examine weathering for adults aged 48-60 years. We estimated BA via the Klemera and Doubal method using selected biomarkers...

BACKGROUND: We investigated whether carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is associated with measures of cerebral blood flow (CBF), white matter hyperintensities and brain volume in a bi-racial cohort of middle-aged individuals. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional cohort study based on data from a multicenter, population-based study Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA). Using linear and logistic regression, we estimated the association of the composite cIMT measured in 3 segments of carotid arteries (common carotid artery, carotid artery bulb and internal carotid artery) with volume (cm3) and CBF (ml/100 g/min) in the total brain and gray matter as well as volume of white matter hyperintensities (cm3)...

BACKGROUND: Heightened blood lead levels (BLL) are associated with cognitive deficiencies and adverse behavioral outcomes. Lead-contaminated house dust is the primary source of exposure in U.S. children, and evidence suggests that even background (low-level) exposure has negative consequences. Identifying sources of background exposure is of great public health significance because of the larger number of children that can be affected. METHODS: Blood lead was assessed in a bi-racial sample of children from Syracuse, NY, aged 9-11, using established biomonitoring methods...

Mitochondria contain many copies of a circular DNA molecule (mtDNA), which has been observed as a mixture of normal and mutated states known as heteroplasmy. Elevated heteroplasmy at a single mtDNA site, m.3243A > G, leads to neurologic, sensory, movement, metabolic, and cardiopulmonary impairments. We measured leukocyte mtDNA m.3243A > G heteroplasmy in 789 elderly men and women from the bi-racial, population-based Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study to identify associations with age-related functioning and mortality...