Phea

New drugs are needed to shorten and simplify treatment of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Metabolic pathways that M. tuberculosis requires for growth or survival during infection represent potential targets for anti-tubercular drug development. Genes and metabolic pathways essential for M. tuberculosis growth in standard laboratory culture conditions have been defined by genome-wide genetic screens. However, whether M. tuberculosis requires these essential genes during infection has not been comprehensively explored because mutant strains cannot be generated using standard methods...

Hydrogen bonds are a versatile tool for creating fibrous, bottlebrush-like assemblies of polymeric building blocks. However, a delicate balance of forces exists between the steric repulsion of the polymer chains and these directed supramolecular forces. In this work we have systematically investigated the influence of structural parameters of the attached polymers on the assembly behaviour of benzene trisurea (BTU) and benzene tris(phenylalanine) (BTP) conjugates in water. Polymers with increasing main chain lengths and different side chain sizes were prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization of hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), tri(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (TEGA) and oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (OEGA)...

In this work, we present a novel stretchable bimodal sensor that can simultaneously detect temperature and humidity changes based on poly-hydroxyethyl acrylate (PHEA) elastomer infused with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIM-BF4) ionic liquid. The sensor exhibits high transparency, stability, and biocompatibility, as well as excellent mechanical and sensing properties. The sensor can achieve a maximum strain of 761%, a sensitivity of 4.5%/°C at room temperature, a detection range from -35 to 120 °C, and a response time of 10 ms...

Protocatechuic acid (3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, PCA) is widely used in the pharmaceuticals, health food, and cosmetics industries owing to its diverse biological activities. However, the inhibition of 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase (AroZ) by PCA and its toxicity to cells limit the efficient production of PCA in Escherichia coli. In this study, a high-level strain of 3-dehydroshikimate, E. coli DHS01, was developed by blocking the carbon flow from the shikimate-overproducing strain E. coli SA09. Additionally, the PCA biosynthetic pathway was established in DHS01 by introducing the high-activity ApAroZ...

The mutants resistant to a phenylalanine analog, 4-fluorophenylalanine (4FP), were obtained for metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for producing aromatic amino acids synthesized through the shikimate pathway by adaptive laboratory evolution. Culture experiments of the C. glutamicum strains which carry the mutations found in the open reading frame from the 4FP-resistant mutants revealed that the mutations in the open reading frames of aroG (NCgl2098), pheA (NCgl2799) and aroP (NCgl1062) encoding 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate, prephenate dehydratase, and aromatic amino acid transporter are responsible for 4FP resistance and higher concentration of aromatic amino acids in their culture supernatants in the 4FP-resistant strains...

Immunotherapy of tumors plays a pivotal role in the current treatment of cancer. While interleukin 2 (IL-2) demonstrated its efficacy as an immunotherapeutic drug in the early days, its short blood circulation time poses challenges in maintaining effective therapeutic concentrations. Additionally, IL-2's activation of regulatory T cells can counteract its anti-cancer effects. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to formulate IL-2-carrying nanoparticles via boron-nitrogen coordination between methoxy poly (ethylene glycol) block poly-[(N-2-hydroxyethyl)-aspartamide]phenylboronic acid (mPEG-b-PHEA-PBA, P-PBA) and poly (L-lysine) (PLL)...

BACKGROUND: Pre-Hospital Emergency Anaesthesia (PHEA) has undergone significant developments since its inception. However, optimal drug dosing remains a challenge for both medical and trauma patients. Many prehospital teams have adopted a drug regimen of 3 mcg/kg fentanyl, 2 mg/kg ketamine and 1 mg/kg rocuronium ('3:2:1'). At Essex and Herts Air Ambulance Trust (EHAAT) a new standard dosing regimen was introduced in August 2021: 1 mcg/kg fentanyl, 2 mg/kg ketamine and 2 mg/kg rocuronium (up to a maximum dose of 150 mg) ('1:2:2')...

The integration of nanoparticles (NPs) into molecular self-assemblies has been extensively studied with the aim of building well-defined, ordered structures which exhibit advanced properties and performances. This study demonstrates a novel strategy for the preparation of a spike-like self-assembly designed to enhance UV blocking. Poly(2-hydroxyethyl aspartamide) (PHEA) substituted with octadecyl chains and menthyl anthranilate (C18 -M-PHEA) was successfully synthesized by varying the number of grafted groups to control their morphology and UV absorption...

With the continuous development of impact protection materials, lightweight, high-impact resistance, flexibility, and controllable toughness are required. Here, tough and impact-resistant poly(ionic liquid) (PIL)/poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) double-network (DN) elastomers are constructed via multiple cross-linking of polymer networks and cation-π interactions of PIL chains. Benefiting from the strong noncovalent cohesion achieved by the cation-π interactions in PIL chains, the prepared PIL DN elastomers exhibit extraordinary compressive strength (95...

BACKGROUND: Critical hypertension in major trauma patients is associated with increased mortality. Prehospital emergency anaesthesia (PHEA) is performed for 10% of the most seriously injured patients. Optimising oxygenation, ventilation, and cerebral perfusion, whilst avoiding extreme haemodynamic fluctuations are the cornerstones of reducing secondary brain injury. The aim of this study was to report the differential determinants of post-PHEA critical hypertension in a large regional dataset of trauma patients across three Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) organisations...

Our paper describes the production and characterization of inhalable microparticles loaded with nanoparticles for the lung administration of rapamycin (Rapa). In detail, core-shell lipid/polymer hybrid nanoparticles loaded with Rapa (Rapa@Man-LPHNPs) were produced with mean size of about 128 nm and slightly negative ζ potential (-13.8 mV). A fluorescent graft polyaspartamide-poly(lactic- co -glycolic acid) copolymer (PHEA- g -RhB- g -PLGA) for use as the polymeric core was obtained by nanoprecipitation, while an appropriate mixture of DPPC and mannosylated phospholipid (DSPE-PEG2000 -Man) was used to provide the macrophage-targeting lipid shell...

BACKGROUND: Pre-hospital emergency anaesthesia is a critical intervention undertaken by helicopter emergency medical teams. Previous studies informed current practice for induction regimes, using a standardized approach of fentanyl, ketamine and rocuronium. There may be a trend towards post-induction hypotension attributed to the induction regime used. Several new combinations of fentanyl, ketamine and rocuronium are emerging in clinical practice. There is currently no consensus on what induction regimes should be used...

Low critical solution temperature (LCST) of commonly-used thermoresponsive polymers in water are basically dominated by hydrophobic interactions. Here, we report a novel thermoresponsive system based on electrostatic interactions. By simply loading aluminum chloride (AlCl3 ) into non-responsive poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) hydrogels, PHEA-Al gels turn to have reversible thermoresponsive behavior between transparent and opaque without any volume change. Further investigations by changing metal ion-polymer compositions unravel the necessity of specific electrostatic interactions, namely, cation-dipole bonding interactions between hydroxy groups and trivalent metal ions...

Temperature-responsive spiropyran-functionalized polymers usually require a thermo-sensitive polymer. However, their temperature response range is limited by the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the thermo-sensitive polymer, which does not exceed 37 °C. In this work, a hydrophilic polymer (PHEA-SP) sheet was prepared by photo-initiated copolymerization of hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) and a spiropyran crosslinking agent (SP). In water, swelling and hydrogen bonding can increase the ring-opening isomerization probability of spiropyran at the PHEA-SP crosslinking point, thus amplifying the discoloration of spiropyran induced by temperature change...

The modification of the surface properties of graphene with polymers provides a method for expanding its scope into new applications as a hybrid material. Unfortunately, the chemical inertness of graphene hinders the covalent functionalization required to build them up. Developing new strategies to enhance the graphene chemical activity for efficient and stable functionalization, while preserving its electronic properties, is a major challenge. We here devise a covalent functionalization method that is clean, reproducible, scalable, and technologically relevant for the synthesis of a large-scale, substrate-supported graphene-polymer hybrid material...

In this work, a novel protonable copolymer was designed to deliver siRNA through the inhalation route, as an innovative formulation for the management of asthma. This polycation was synthesized by derivatization of α,β-poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl)D,L-aspartamide (PHEA) first with 1,2-Bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethane (bAPAE) and then with a proper amount of maleimide terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-MLB), with the aim to increase the superficial hydrophilicity of the system, allowing the diffusion trough the mucus layer...

Systems biology tools offer new prospects for industrial strain selection. For bacteria that are significant for industrial applications, whole-genome sequencing coupled to flux balance analysis (FBA) can help unpack the complex relationships between genome mutations and carbon trafficking. This work investigates the l-tyrosine (l-Tyr) overproducing model system Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 21573 with an eye to more rational and precision strain development. Using genome-wide mutational analysis of C. glutamicum , we identified 27,611 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 479 insertion/deletion mutations...

Nitroaromatic compounds are widely used in industry, but their production is associated with issues such as the hazardousness of the process and low regioselectivity. Here, we successfully demonstrated the production of p-nitrobenzoate (PNBA) from glucose by constructing p-aminobenzoate N-oxygenase AurF-expressing E. coli. We generated this strain, which we named PN-1 by disrupting four genes involved in PNBA degradation: nfsA, nfsB, nemA, and azoR. We then expressed AurF from Streptomyces thioluteus in this strain, which resulted in the production of 945 mg/L PNBA in the presence of 1 g/L p-aminobenzoate...

In this study, grafted polymers (PAM-g-PAA/PHEA) with different grafting rates are prepared by solution method grafting polymer with polyacrylamide as the main chain, acrylic acid (AA) and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) as the modified monomers. Evidence of graft polymerization of AA and HEA on polyacrylamide side chains is obtained by FT-IR and 1 HNMR. Scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric characterization further confirm the synthesis of grafted polymers. The properties of the grafting polymer are evaluated using grafting rate, viscosity, and surface tension measurements...

Acetogenic bacteria can play a major role in achieving Net Zero through their ability to convert CO2 into industrially relevant chemicals and fuels. Full exploitation of this potential will be reliant on effective metabolic engineering tools, such as those based on the Streptococcus pyogenes CRISPR/Cas9 system. However, attempts to introduce cas9 -containing vectors into Acetobacterium woodii were unsuccessful, most likely as a consequence of Cas9 nuclease toxicity and the presence of a recognition site for an endogenous A...