ECSW

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to observe the effects of extracorporeal shock waves (ECSWs) on neuralgia in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diabetic neuralgia model was established in rats via injection of streptozotocin. The rats were divided into diabetic neuralgia group (Group A, n=6) and ECSW treatment group (Group B, n=6). Another six rats were taken as control group (Group C, n=6). The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latencies (TWLs) were measured at specific points throughout the experiment, and the sciatic nerve was bluntly severed under anesthesia after the last measurement...

We have systematically assessed published cell studies and animal experimental reports on the efficacy of selected biophysical energies (BPEs) in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. These BPEs include electrical stimulation (ES), pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF), extracorporeal shockwave (ECSW), photo energies and ultrasound (US). Databases searched included CINAHL, MEDLINE and PubMed from 1966 to 2018. Studies reviewed include animal and cell studies on treatment with BPEs compared with sham, control or other BPEs...

We evaluated the ability of extracorporeal shock wave (ECSW)-assisted melatonin (Mel) therapy to offer an additional benefit for alleviating the neuropathic pain (NP) in rats. Left sciatic nerve was subjected to chronic constriction injury (CCI) to induce NP. Animals (n = 30) were randomized into group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (CCI only), group 3 (CCI + ECSW), group 4 (CCI + Mel) and group 5 (CCI + ECSW + Mel). By days 15, 22 and 29 after CCI, the thermal paw withdrawal latency (TPWL) and mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MPWT) were highest in group 1, lowest in group 2, significantly higher in group 5 than in groups 3 and 4, but they showed no difference between the later two groups (all p < 0...

We tested the hypothesis that extracorporeal-shock-wave (ECSW)-assisted adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) therapy was better than either one for restoring the blood flow in critical limb ischemia (CLI). Adult male-SD rats were categorized into group 1 (sham-operated-control), group 2 (CLI), group 3 [CLI + ECSW (280 impulses/0.10 mJ/mm2 ) applied to left inguinal area at 3 h after CLI], group 4 [CLI + SVF (1.2 × 106 ) implanted into CLI area at 3 h after CLI], group 5 (CLI + ECSW-SVF)...

This study tested the hypothesis that combined adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADMSC) and low-energy extracorporeal shock wave (ECSW) therapy could protect brain from brain death (BD)-induced injury. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were categorized into group 1 (sham control), group 2 (BD), group 3 (BD + ECSW [0.15 mJ/mm2/300 impulses] applied to the skull surface 3 hours after BD induction), group 4 (BD + ADMSC [1.2 × 106 cell] by intravenous injection 3 hours after BD induction) and group 5 (BD + ECSW + ADMSC)...

This study tested the hypothesis that extracorporeal shock wave- (ECSW-) assisted adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) therapy could preserve left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and inhibit LV remodeling in a rat after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Adult male SD rats were categorized into group 1 (sham control), group 2 (AMI induced by left coronary artery ligation), group 3 [AMI + ECSW (280 impulses at 0.1 mJ/mm2 , applied to the chest wall at 3 h, days 3 and 7 after AMI), group 4 [AMI + SVF (1...

OBJECTIVE: Epilepsy with continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (ECSWS) is associated with cognitive deficits. The underlying mechanism is thought to relate to disturbance of functions of the foci by the persistent epileptic activity. However, the relationship between epileptic foci and cognitive deficits remains largely unknown, except for in Landau-Kleffner syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of epileptic foci estimated from magnetoencephalography (MEG) with cognitive functions at the period of diagnosis in non-lesional ECSWS children, excluding those with Landau-Kleffner syndrome...

Extracorporeal shock wave (ECSW) and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) have been recognized to have capacities of anti-inflammation and angiogenesis. We tested the hypothesis that ECSW and ADMSC therapy could attenuate ischemia-reperfusion- (IR-) induced thigh injury (femoral artery tightened for 6 h then the tightness was relieved) in rats. Adult male SD rats ( n = 30) were divided into group 1 (sham-control), group 2 (IR), group 3 (IR + ECSW/120 impulses at 0.12 mJ/mm2 given at 3 h/24 h/72 h after IR), group 4 (allogenic ADMSC/1...

This study tested the hypothesis that extracorporeal shock wave (ECSW) therapy could protect mouse brain from chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CHP)-induced neuropathological changes in a bilateral carotid arterial stenosis (CAS) model. Adult-male C57BL/6 (B6) mice (n=36) were randomized into group 1 (sham-control), group 2 (CHP) and group 3 [CHP+ECSW (100 impulses at 0.15 mJ/mm2 ) on day 5, 10 and 15 after CHP induction]. By day 60 after CHP induction, the white matter lesion, protein expressions of inflammatory (TNF-α/NF-κB/iNOS), oxidative-stress (NOX-1/NOX-2/NOX-4/nitrotyrosine), angiogenesis (eNOS/CD31), apoptotic (Bax/caspase-3/PARP), fibrotic (Smad3/TGF-ß) and mitochondrial-damaged (cytosolic cytochrome-C) biomarkers were significantly higher in group 2 than in groups 1 and 3, and significantly higher in group 3 than in group 1, whereas the protein expressions of anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2), anti-fibrotic (BMP-2/Smad1/5), and mitochondrial-integrity (mitochondrial cytochrome-C) biomarkers showed an opposite pattern to inflammation among the three groups (all P<0...

This study tested the hypothesis that combination therapy using extracorporeal shock wave (ECSW)-melatonin (Mel) was superior to either alone at ameliorating neuropathic pain (NP). NP was induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the left sciatic nerve in rats. Animals were categorized into sham control (group 1), CCI only (group 2), CCI-ECSW (group 3), CCI-Mel (group 4) and CCI-ECSW-Mel (group 5). By days 2 and 8 after CCI, the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MPWT)/thermal paw withdrawal latency (TPWL) were highest in group 2, lowest in group 1, significantly lower in group 5 than in groups 3 and 4 (all p<0...

OBJECTIVE: Epilepsy-aphasia spectrum (EAS) are a group of epilepsy syndromes denoting an association between epilepsy, speech disorders and the EEG signature of centrotemporal spikes. Mutations in the GRIN2A gene, encoding the NMDA glutamate receptor α2 subunit were reported in focal epilepsy with speech disorder. We aimed to explore the role of GRIN2A mutations in patients with centrotemporal spikes related epileptic syndromes in a Chinese cohort. METHODS: Patients with Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS), epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike-and-wave during sleep (ECSWS), atypical benign partial epilepsy (ABPE), and benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) were recruited...

Although the incidence of midportion Achilles tendinopathy is under 1% in the general population, it is quite a common disease in runners that is characterized by the symptom triad of pain, swelling and impaired physical performance. Pain and swelling are located in the area 2 to 7 cm proximal the tendon insertion onto the calcaneus.Diagnosis is made by adequate clinical symptoms and corresponding findings in sonography and/or magnetic resonance imaging scans. Histopathologically, mostly degenerative changes in the tendon structure are found, sometimes accompanied by intra- and paratendinous inflammation...

This study tested the hypothesis that extracorporeal shock wave (ECSW) treatment can improve ischemia-induced left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in mini-pig with co-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD). LV ischemia in mini-pigs was induced by applying an ameroid constrictor over mid-left anterior descending artery (LAD), while model of CKD was established by right nephrectomy with partial ligation of left renal arterioles 2 weeks before LAD constriction. Thirty mini-pigs were randomly divided into group 1 (sham-control), group 2 (LV-ischemia), group 3 (LV-ischemia + CKD), Group 4 [LV-ischemia + ECSW (applied 1200 shots at 0...

Electrochromic smart windows (ECSWs) are considered as the most promising alternative to traditional dimming devices. However, the electrode technology in ECSWs remains stagnant, wherein inflexible indium tin oxide and fluorine-doped tin oxide are the main materials being used. Although various complicated production methods, such as high-temperature calcination and sputtering, have been reported, the mass production of flexible and transparent electrodes remains challenging. Here, a nonheated roll-to-roll process is developed for the continuous production of flexible, extralarge, and transparent silver nanofiber (AgNF) network electrodes...

This study tested the hypothesis that extracorporeal shock wave (ECSW) treatment can improve ischemia-induced left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in mini-pig with co-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD). LV ischemia in mini-pigs was induced by applying an ameroid constrictor over mid-left anterior descending artery (LAD), while model of CKD was established by right nephrectomy with partial ligation of left renal arterioles 2 weeks before LAD constriction. Thirty mini-pigs were randomly divided into group 1 (sham-control), group 2 (LV-ischemia), group 3 (LV-ischemia + CKD), Group 4 [LV-ischemia + ECSW (applied 1200 shots at 0...

Synaptic proteins are critical to neuronal function in the brain, and their deficiency can lead to seizures and cognitive impairments. CNKSR2 (connector enhancer of KSR2) is a synaptic protein involved in Ras signaling-mediated neuronal proliferation, migration and differentiation. Mutations in the X-linked gene CNKSR2 have been described in patients with seizures and neurodevelopmental deficits, especially those affecting language. In this study, we sequenced 112 patients with phenotypes within the epilepsy-aphasia spectrum (EAS) to determine the frequency of CNKSR2 mutation within this complex set of disorders...

BACKGROUND: To investigate the effect of shock wave (SW) on brain-infarction volume (BIV) and neurological function in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) by left internal carotid artery occlusion in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS: SD rats (n=48) were divided into group 1 [sham-control (SC)], group 2 [SC-ECSW (energy dosage of 0.15 mJ/mm(2)/300 impulses)], group 3 (AIS), and group 4 (AIS-ECSW) and sacrificed by day 28 after IS induction. In normal rats, caspase-3, Bax and TNF-α biomarkers did not differ between animals with and without ECSW therapy, whereas Hsp70 was activated post-ECSW treatment...

In this study, multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli Sw1 (E. coli Sw1) and active lytic phage EcSw was isolated from feces samples of Sus scrofa domesticus (piglet) suffering from diarrhea. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that isolated EcSw belongs to the Myoviridae family with an icosahedral head (80 ± 4) and a long tail (180 ± 5 nm). The EcSw phage genome size was estimated to be approximately 75 Kb of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Phage dynamic studies show that the latent period and burst size of EcSw were approximately 20 min and 28 PFU per cell, respectively...

Epileptic encephalopathy with continuous diffuse spike-waves during slow-wave sleep (ECSWS) presents clinically with infrequent nocturnal focal seizures, atypical absences related to secondary bilateral synchrony, negative myoclonia, and atonic and rare generalized tonic-clonic seizures. The unique electroencephalography (EEG) pattern found in ECSWS consists of continuous, diffuse, bilateral spike-waves during slow-wave sleep. Despite the eventual disappearance of clinical seizures and EEG abnormalities by adolescence, the prognosis is guarded in most cases because of neuropsychological and behavioral deficits...

BACKGROUND: The morbidity and socioeconomic costs of fractures are considerable. The length of time to healing is an important factor in determining a person's recovery after a fracture. Ultrasound may have a therapeutic role in reducing the time to union after fracture. This is an update of a review previously published in February 2012. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of low-intensity ultrasound (LIPUS), high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFUS) and extracorporeal shockwave therapies (ECSW) as part of the treatment of acute fractures in adults...