enternal

Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIP) is a gastrointestinal motility disturbance characterized by recurrent episodes of postprandial nausea and bloating in the absence of mechanical obstruction of the small bowel or colon. Weight loss and severe malnutrition are often seen in advanced stages of the disorder. This article discusses the nutritional management of patients with CIP, focusing on general dietary as well as enternal and parenternal nutritional support. Enteral access methods and various enteral formulas used in CIP are also discussed...

Enternal feeding is indicated in patients unable to ingest sufficient nutrients but whose gastrointestinal function is adequate for digestion and absorption. Indications in palliative care include patients with radical esophageal surgery, upper gastrointestinal tract obstruction, anorexia, and dysphagia. As the oral route is the preferred method of palliative drug delivery, the enternal feeding tube can become an important tool for drug administration. A number of questions must be asked before a drug is considered for enteral administration...

BACKGROUND: A recent retrospective study has clearly demonstrated a reduction of cases with positive bone aluminium (Al) staining in the Italian dialysis population, which in general has had a low prevalence of bone Al toxicity. In the present study we tried to better address the relative role played, in our study population, by enteral and parenteral exposure to Al in reducing bone accumulation. METHODS: We retrospectively examined the data of 105 DFO tests and bone Al determinations performed in dialysis patients from 1984 to 1995...

We have addressed two critical questions concerning NEC development. 1) Why is the neonatal intestine particularly susceptible to necrosis? and 2) Does PAF play a critical role in NEC development? We have found that intestinal tissue of the newborn has the highest specific activity for the acetyltransferase of the de novo pathway. It is suggested that the high capacity of this tissue to synthesize PAF may contribute to the fact that the necrosis of the newborn is more prevalent in this tissue. We have previously reported that dexamethasone lowers the activity of acetyl-CoA:lyso-PAF acetyltransferase in liver and spleen...

A new method of enteral detoxication with the use of both well-known medicines ("Normase", "Sorbit") and new medicine-"Rafinosa" is described. Clinical effectiveness (normalization of neurological status) of these medicines correlates with normalization of blood amino acids unbalance, decrease of the catabolic processes and accumulation of toxic products of nitrogenous metabolism. All the above medicines (Italian made "Normase", "Sorbit" and Russian made "Rafinosa") are equally important for clinical practice...

Enternal nutrition is an important mode of treatment for Crohn's disease in children. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy has been little used, even through it can facilitate the administration of an unpalatable elemental diet to an anorexic, undernourished patients. Its use is reported in 10 children with Crohn's disease. The gastrostomy was found to be more acceptable than a nasogastric tube and was associated with only minor complications. As a consequence of improved delivery of enteral nutrition, in the year after the insertion of the gastrostomy there was a reduction in prednisolone dosage in all patients, with six patients being able to stop prednisolone completely...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is increasingly becoming the method of choice for patients requiring long term enternal nutrition (for example, those suffering from cystic fibrosis, or neuromuscular disorders). This paper explains the technique and care associated with PEG insertion.

The 94 operations analyzed were performed on 80 ears in 73 patients with congenital malformation of the ear. Operative findings included 13 patients with a congenital absence of the oval window, 5 patients with vascular anomaly of the middle ear, and 6 patients with congenital cholesteatoma. Six of 13 patients with congenital absence of the oval window had a labyrinthotomy performed to create a new opening into the vestibule. The method of surgical repair in atresia was a canalplasty with fascia graft overlay for the substitute tympanic membrane...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

N-Methylphenethylamine, a secondary amine present in vegetable foodstuffs, in concentrations up to 6.6 ppm, is an indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine; on i.v. injection the circulatory effects correspond to 1/80 to 1/100 of those of epinephrine. Following enternal application pressoric and positive chronotropic effects are observed during appr. 30 min; the no-effect level amounts to about 7 mg/kg.

The reader's attention is drawn to the fact that the dialectics of the objective and subjective in the cognition process is one of the most important and "enternal" philosophic problems. At each historical step of development of the science and public practice, in each sphere or cognition activity the former is of a definite specificity. It is the authors' opinion that the same is fully refered to such complicated field of cognition as the diagnosis of diseases.

The authors discuss the contents and interpretation of the theories of pathogenicity of the condition of endometriosis after having defined it in its different forms and sites. Adenomyosis (internal endometriosis) and less than adenomyomata greater than (enternal endometriosis accompanied by smooth muscle hyperplasia) give rise to special problems of histogensis. The induction of fibro-muscular stroma into the area could be brought about by two different mechanisms. There is no need for ectopic endometrial glands to induce stroma in mulleriam organs...

The utilization of essential amino acids provided enterally or parenterally was compared in six growing female pigs. Crystalline amino acids in aqueous solution were administered parenterally through a central venous cannula or enterally through a stomach fistula or in the diet. Other nutrients were provided in the diet. Plasma essential amino acid concentrations were not significantly different after the enteral and intravenous treatments in either the fasting or postprandial state except for phenylalanine and histidine for which both fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations were higher after intravenous infusion than after the enteral treatment...

In acute experiment on rabbits a rise in arterial pressure was induced by intravenous administration of noradrenaline with simultaneous recording of the changes in the vessel diameter on the surface of the brain in arterial bordering zones and in the basin of the middle cerebral artery and permeability of the hematoencephalic barrier to Evans blue. Autoregulation disorder manifesting itself in dilatation of the arteries and spreading out of their enternal elastic membrane developed first of all in arterial bordering zones, appeared earlier and was marked mainly in the anastomoses of the major type and small arteries lying at an acute angle which are more often detected in the occipital regions of the blood supply area...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

In comparison with other freshwater animals, the sodium uptake mechanism in fourth instar larvae of both C. tentans and C. dorsalis has a moderate affinity for sodium. In both species half maximum influx (Km) occurs at about 0.57 mM-Na+ and is unaltered by salt depletion. Maximum influx is achieved in steady-state C. tentans at 1.9 mM-Na+, and in steady-state C. dorsalis at 3.0 mM-Na+. Both of these values increase on depletion. Efflux also appears to be saturable at higher external sodium concentrations. In C...

A case of cardiac arrest is presented which was caused by improper connection of a modified Mapleson D circuit (Bain breathing circuit). Excessive enternal deadspace was created by interchanging the gas inflow line and the attachment for an airway pressure manometer. This resulted in a marked respiratory acidosis, clinically undetected until the concomitant hypoxia produced a severe cardiac depression and arrest. The sequence of events was reproduced in a dog under comparable anaesthetic conditions. In order to avoid this error it is recommended to permanently fuse the connecting piece placed in the circuit with the tubing leading to the airway pressure manometer of the respirator...

A study was carried out on the incidence of E. coli serogroups 01--025, under different clinical and epidemiologic conditions, with a view to evaluating their etiopathogenic significance and the efficiency of immunofluoresence as a rapid laboratory method of diagnosis. A total number of 1542 samples were collected from humans (1075 feces samples and 467 urine samples from cases of urinary infection), and 387 from animals. The samples were collected from cases of enteritis and from healthy children and adults: 285 samples from infantile enteritis cases; 200 samples from adults with enteritis; 31 samples from healthy children: and 559 samples from healthy adults...