aquired drug resist

Pneumonia, classified as a lower respiratory tract illness, affects different parts of the bronchial system as well as alveoli and can present with varying severities depending on co-morbidities and causative pathogens. It can be broadly classified using the setting in which it was acquired, namely the community or hospital setting, the former being more common and spreading through person-to-person droplet transmission. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is currently the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, and its high mortality makes continual insight into the management of the condition worthwhile...

The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has significantly improved the prognosis of cancer patients, but a large population of patients are still ineffective to ICIs treatment or develop aquired drug resistance. In order to improve the clinical benefits, a number of studies on ICIs based combination therapy have been actively explored, and have achieved satisfactory results. With the application of ICIs based combination therapy in clinical practice, increasing attention has been paid to the safety of combination therapy and the management of treatment-related adverse events...

BACKGROUND: As a bladder-preserving therapy, radiation therapy (RT) has been widely used in the treatment of bladder cancer (BCa) and made great progress in the past few decades. However, some BCa patients have low radiotherapy responsiveness and local recurrence rate after radiotherapy could reach 50%. Acquired radio-resistance (ARR) is one of the important reasons for the failure of RT. Unfortunately, these ARR cells also lack sensitivity to chemotherapy and cause tumor recurrence and metastasis...

Multiple combination therapies with chemotherapeutic drugs and inhibitors of drug resistance have been effective in the clinical cases, but concerns have been raised about the severe toxicity of these chemotherapeutic drugs. Herein, we report a potent and safe combination strategy of cancer-specific doxorubicin (DOX) prodrug nanoparticles (PNPs) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) anti-apoptotic inhibitor, Navitoclax, to overcome acquired drug resistance during chemotherapy. The cancer-specific PNPs were constructed by conjugating cathepsin B-specific cleavable peptide (Phe-Arg-Arg-Gly; FRRG) to DOX, resulting in FRRG-DOX that self-assembled into nanoparticles and the FRRG-DOX nanoparticles were further stabilized with the FDA-approved pharmaceutical excipient, Pluronic F68...

Gastric cancer is the third most common malignancy in China, with a median 5-year survival of only 20%. Cisplatin has been used in first-line cancer treatment for several types of cancer including gastric cancer. However, patients are often primary resistant or develop acquired resistance resulting in relapse of the cancer and reduced survival. Recently, we demonstrated that the reduced expression of base excision repair protein XRCC1 and its upstream regulator JWA in gastric cancerous tissues correlated with a significant survival benefit of adjuvant first-line platinum-based chemotherapy as well as XRCC1 playing an important role in the DNA repair of cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer cells...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence, pathogens, and clinical features of infection in consecutive cases from 2010 to 2012 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital. METHOD: The incidence, pathogen, treatment, and outcomes of patients with hematological diseases who had positive findings of bacterium in their samples from 2010 to 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: There were 449 positive samples (5.8%) from 4 890 patients during this period, among which 388 were proved to be with pathogenic bacteria...

Resistance of cancer cells towards chemotherapy is the major cause of therapy failure. Hence, the evaluation of cellular defense mechanisms is essential in the establishment of new chemotherapeutics. Archazolid B, a novel vacuolar H(+)-ATPase inhibitor, displayed cytotoxicity in the low nanomolar range on a panel of different tumor cell lines. First, we investigated tumor-specific cytotoxicity of archazolid B by comparing cancer to non-cancer cells. Breast, liver and colon cancer cells displayed higher drug sensitivity than corresponding non-tumorous cells, whereas leukemia cell lines were as sensitive as peripheral mononuclear blood cells...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Subsequent chemotherapy were needed in patients with advanced pulmonary adenocarcinoma experiencing disease progression after epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) treatment. The study is to explore factors potentially influencing efficacy of subsequent chemotherapy. METHODS: One hundred and ninety-one patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma, who were resistant from EGFR-TKIs and then received subsequent chemotherapy, were identified...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the change of pathogen distribution and antibiotic resistance of pathogens isolated from in-patients with hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) in the Department of Respiratory Medicine Intensive Care Unit (RICU) of Xiangya Hospital in 2005 and in 2011, and to provide reasonable anti-infectious strategy. METHODS: The positive susceptibility test of sputum (bronchial secretions) culture was done in patients with HAP in RICU of Xiangya Hospital in 2005 and in 2011, and the distribution feature and antibiotic resistance were compared...

Infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units (ICU). The impact on prognostic of an inadequate antibiotic therapy is well established. The problem is due to the growing spread of resistant microorganisms, including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens, especially in the case of ICU-acquired infections. In this context, antibiotics with broad spectrum activity are usually required. Moreover, these antibiotics should reach high concentrations in tissues, especially in lungs, and should exert a bactericidal activity for the most severely ill patients, especially those with bloodstream infections...

BACKGROUND: The Gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecium is an important cause of nosocomial infections in immunocompromized patients. RESULTS: We present a pyrosequencing-based comparative genome analysis of seven E. faecium strains that were isolated from various sources. In the genomes of clinical isolates several antibiotic resistance genes were identified, including the vanA transposon that confers resistance to vancomycin in two strains. A functional comparison between E...

The structure and sensitivity of the agents of community-aquired urinary infections (CUI) in Moscow were studied in a prospective clinicomicrobiological trial carried out in 2005 with participation of 8 Moscow outpatient clinics. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial drugs was estimated using agar dilution test according to NCCLS recommendations (2000-2002). Acute and chronic cystitis, chronic pyelonephritis and acute pyelonephritis were most frequent CUI (49.1, 39.8 and 5.3%, respectively, while among complicating factors most frequently occurred urolithiasis (48...

Some physiological effects of estragole under a single intraperitoneal injection in oil solution were studied in GR mice; elevation of blood aminotransferases activity, body temperature and animals lethality were registered. At a dose of 600 mg/kg, estragole killed 100% sucklings of both sexes and 90% adult females but no any adult male. The males aquire resistance to estragole at the time of maturation. Exogenous testosterone administered at the dose of 50 mg/kg 4-2 days earlier increases the resistance of female mice to estragole up to its level in males...

Flavimonas oryzihabitans is an uncommon bacterial species isolated from clinical specimens. In this report, a 53 years old female patient who had been followed up with the diagnosis of rectum cancer and renal failure for five and two years, respectively, was presented. F. oryzihabitans was isolated from the urine culture of the patient, and the clinical response to ofloxacin therapy was excellent even the urinary catheter has not been removed. Although this pathogen is mostly community aquired, it was found resistant to most of the antimicrobial agents tested...

AIM: The goals of the study were to reveal the involvement of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the product of multidrug resistance 1 gene (MDR1) in cellular resistance to vincristine (VCR) and investigate cross-resistance against cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) in HL60 and HL60/VCR cell lines. METHODS: HL60 cells (human acute myeloid leukemia cell line) were cultured on medium with 1-50 nM of VCR for 4-6 weeks, and VCR resistant cells (HL60/VCR) were selected. The viability of cells was assessed by MTT assay and the expression of MDR1 gene was detected by RT-PCR...

A series of HIV-1 protease mutants has been designed in an effort to analyze the contribution to drug resistance provided by natural polymorphisms as well as therapy-selective (active and non-active site) mutations in the HIV-1 CRF_01 A/E (AE) protease when compared to that of the subtype B (B) protease. Kinetic analysis of these variants using chromogenic substrates showed differences in substrate specificity between pretherapy B and AE proteases. Inhibition analysis with ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, saquinavir, lopinavir, and atazanavir revealed that the natural polymorphisms found in A/E can influence inhibitor resistance...

Nosocomial infections may be parasitic, mycosal or viral, but bacterial infections are more frequent. They are transmitted by hands or by oral route. This paper describes the main bacteria responsive of nosocomial infections, dominated by Staphylococcus, enterobacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The author relates natural and savage profiles of these bacterias, characterized by multiresistance due to large use of antibiotics. Knowledge of natural resistance and verification of aquired resistance permit to well lead probabilist antibiotherapy...

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Current treatments against the Aquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are reasonably effective in reducing the amount of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) present in infected patients, but their side-effects, and the emergence of drug-resistant HIV strains have intensified the renewed search for novel anti-HIV therapies. An essential step in HIV infection is the integration of the viral genome into the host cell chromosomes within the nucleus. Unlike other retroviruses, HIV can transport its genetic material, in the form of the large nucleoprotein pre-integration complex (PIC), into the nucleus through the intact nuclear envelope (NE)...

Aquired resistance against tuberculosis depends on the survival, multiplication and persistence of BCG in the host organs. Therefore, the viability and stabilisation during storage of BCG vaccine constitute a major attribute for good immunogenicity. Different factors which influence BCG viability have been studied. Among the more important ones it was found that a very large number of viable bacilli are killed when vaccine is manufactured in the conventional way by ball milling the surface-grown bacillary mass...