Afrezza

PURPOSE: The pharmacologic properties of a recently approved inhaled insulin product, its unique delivery system, and the results of clinical safety and efficacy trials are reviewed. SUMMARY: Afrezza (also called Technosphere Insulin, MannKind Corporation, Valencia, CA) is a novel ultrarapid-acting insulin formulation indicated for use in improving glycemic control in selected patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Afrezza is not intended as a substitute for traditional basal therapy with injectable long-acting insulin but may be used to provide prandial insulin coverage; it must be used in combination with long-acting insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes...

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to educate nurse practitioners about Afrezza. DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using MEDLINE for clinical trial data. Information from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization, clinical guidelines, Food and Drug Administration labeling, briefings, and press releases was also utilized. CONCLUSIONS: Afrezza represents a promising noninjectable insulin delivery option for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Rates of diabetes continue to rise in the United States. It's estimated that more than 25 million people in the United States currently have either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Insulin is the mainstay of treatment, and a new delivery option is available. In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Afrezza® inhalation powder, a rapid-acting inhaled form of human insulin, to treat diabetes in adults. This article will provide an overview of the Afrezza system, indications for use, adverse reactions and implications for nurses who work with women with diabetes...

Technosphere® insulin uses a unique carrier -fumaryl diketopiperazine (FDKP)- which adsorbs insulin to form microparticles to permit delivery to the alveoli by inhalation. Toxicity studies have been entirely negative. The pulmonary absorption of insulin is very rapid, and the disappearance time is shorter than for subcutaneously delivered rapid-acting insulins. As a result, after inhalation, there is a rapid drop in glucose levels which subsequently return to normal in a shorter time than after subcutaneous insulin administration...

INTRODUCTION: Delivery of therapeutic insulin via the pulmonary route has been the most investigated non-invasive alternative to the commonly used subcutaneous (SC) route for diabetes management. Despite discontinuation of the first inhalable insulin, Exubera®, due to suboptimal market acceptance, development of orally inhaled insulin delivery systems has been galvanized by the recent approval of Afrezza® and several others awaiting approval. AREAS COVERED: The scope of this review article includes the prospects for and the challenges faced in developing inhaled insulin delivery systems; discussion of orally inhaled therapeutic insulin delivery systems that were discontinued, recently approved or are currently under active investigation; and formulation approaches that have the potential to deliver insulin via the pulmonary route...

Diabetes is a global burden and the prevalence of the disease, in particular diabetes mellitus type 2 is rapidly increasing worldwide. After introduction of insulin into clinical therapy about 90 years ago a major number of pharmaceuticals has been developed for treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. One of these, the incretin glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), like insulin, needs subcutaneous administration causing inconvenience to patients. However, administration of GLP-1 plays also a role for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)...

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OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of Technosphere insulin (TI), a new inhaled insulin product. DATA SOURCES: Searches were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scientific Citation Index, and abstracts from both the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) meetings from 2005 to August 2014, utilizing the search terms Afrezza, Technosphere, Afresa, and inhaled insulin. References were reviewed to identify additional sources...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, and clinical use of Technosphere insulin. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (1966-March 2010) was conducted for English-language articles using the terms AFREZZA, AFRESA, Technosphere insulin, pulmonary insulin, and inhaled insulin. Abstracts from the American Diabetes Association and European Association for the Study of Diabetes annual meetings, presented in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 were also searched for relevant data...

Given the important role of insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and in light of common barriers to insulin use, new strategies for insulin delivery by routes other than intravenous and subcutaneous injection have been investigated since the discovery of insulin in the 1920s. Most companies researching and developing pulmonary administration systems for the use of insulin announced the termination of product development following the failure of the first US FDA-approved inhaled insulin product, Exubera...