Chandipura

Chandipura virus (CHPV, a member of the Rhabdoviridae family) is an emerging pathogen that causes rapidly progressing influenza-like illness and acute encephalitis often leading to coma and death of the human host. Given several CHPV outbreaks in Indian sub-continent, recurring sporadic cases, neurological manifestation, and high mortality rate of this infection, CHPV is gaining global attention. The 'dark proteome' includes the whole proteome with special emphasis on intrinsically disordered proteins (IDP) and IDP regions (IDPR), which are proteins or protein regions that lack unique (or ordered) three-dimensional structures within the cellular milieu...

The negative strand RNA virus family contains many human pathogens. Finding new antiviral drug targets against this class of human pathogens is one of the significant healthcare needs. Nucleocapsid proteins of negative strand RNA viruses wrap the viral genomic RNA and play essential roles in gene transcription and genome replication. Chandipura virus, a member of the Rhabdoviridae family, has a negative strand RNA genome. In addition to wrapping the genomic RNA, its nucleocapsid protein interacts with the positive strand leader RNA and plays a vital role in the virus life-cycle...

INTRODUCTION: Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are the most common cause of hospital admission in worldwide and remain a challenging disease for diagnosis and treatment. The most common infectious agents associated with viral CNS infections are cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Dengue virus (DENV),West Nile virus(WNV), and Chandipura virus(CHPV). The aim of the present work was to find the etiology of CNS viral infection in the Central India population by transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) comparing real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method [one-step and two-step reverse transcriptase (RT-PCR)] in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood samples of CNS viral infections patients...

Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a tropical pathogen, suggesting its involvement in childhood encephalitis syndrome in India. No reports are available in adult human beings for its pathogenicity. Similarly, in adult mice, the virus does not develop pathogenesis by parenteral route except for intracranial route of infection. The virus is remarkably nonpathogenic to adult immunocompromised nude mice. In vitro in tissue culture, the CHPV infects and kills many types of cells. All of these properties could qualify the CHPV to be a candidate virus for tumor therapy...

Chandipura virus (CHPV) is an emerging pathogen responsible for acute encephalitic syndrome (AES) in pediatric population in India. Several outbreaks of CHPV have been reported from different states of India since the year 2003. At present there is no vaccine or therapeutic measures available to curtail the disease. In this study, we have identified both T-cell and B-cell epitopes of different antigenic proteins of CHPV like Nucleoprotein (N), Phosphoprotein (P) and Matrix protein (M) along with the immuno-dominant glycoprotein (G) and conducted in silico characterization for the same...

Chandipura virus (CHPV) is an emerging tropical pathogen in India. The virus has been reported to be associated with an acute encephalitis syndrome in young children with a case fatality rate of 55-75%. Clinical management with symptomatic treatment is the only option available to treat the infected patients. No vaccines are available for prophylaxis. In light of prophylactic limitations, antiviral therapy would play an important role in control of CHPV infection. In the present study, ribavirin, an antiviral drug widely accepted for human use and having antiviral effect on many RNA and DNA viruses, was tested against Chandipura virus...

The neurotropic behavior of Chandipura virus (CHPV) is partly understood in experimental animals. Under in vitro conditions, neuronal cells could be a useful tool to study the CHPV interaction with neuronal proteins. The information gathered from such studies will help to design the new therapeutics for CHPV infection. This study identified the surface vimentin protein involved in adsorption of CHPV on Neuro-2a cell line (mouse neuroblastoma cells). The decrease in CHPV infectivity to Neuro-2a cells was observed in the presence of recombinant vimentin or anti-vimentin antibody...

Rhabdoviruses are a large and ecologically diverse family of negative-sense RNA viruses ( Mononegavirales : Rhabdoviridae ). These viruses are capable of infecting an unexpectedly wide variety of plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates distributed over all human-inhabited continents. However, only a few rhabdoviruses are known to infect humans: a ledantevirus (Le Dantec virus), several lyssaviruses (in particular, rabies virus), and several vesiculoviruses (e.g., Chandipura virus, vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus)...

The complement system is a critical component of both innate and adaptive immune responses. It has both protective and pathogenic roles in viral infections. There are no studies regarding the role of complement system in Chandipura virus (CHPV) infection. The current study has investigated the role of complement pathways in the in vitro neutralization of CHPV in Vero E6 cells. Using normal human serum (NHS), heat-inactivated serum (HIS), human serum deficient of complement factor, respective reconstituted serum, assays like in vitro neutralization, real-time PCR, and flow cytometry-based tissue culture-based limited dose assay (TC-LDA) were carried out for assessing the activation of different complement pathways...

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) represents a promising platform for developing oncolytic viruses, as well as vaccines against significant human pathogens. To safely control VSV infection in humans, small-molecule drugs that selectively inhibit VSV infection may be needed. Here, using a cell-based high-throughput screening assay followed by an in vitro transcription assay, compounds with a 7-hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one structure and an aromatic group at position 4 (named vesiculopolins, VPIs) were identified as VSV RNA polymerase inhibitors...

Among the innate immune sentinels, the complement system is a formidable first line of defense against pathogens including viruses. Chandipura virus (CHPV), a neurotropic vesiculovirus of the family Rhabdoviridae is a deadly human pathogen known to cause fatal encephalitis especially among children. The nature of interaction and the effect of human complement on CHPV are unknown. Here, we report that CHPV is a potent activator of complement and thus is highly sensitive to complement proteins in normal human serum (NHS)...

ErbB-3 binding protein 1 (Ebp1) is a host protein which binds ErbB-3 receptor to induce signalling events for cell growth regulation. In addition, Ebp1 also interacts with ribonucleoprotein complexes. In recent times, Ebp1 was found to play an antagonistic role in viral infections caused by Influenza and Rinderpest viruses. In our present work we have tried to understand the role of Ebp1 in Chandipura virus (CHPV) infection. We have observed an induction in Ebp1 expression upon CHPV infection similar to other viruses...

Chandipura virus (CHPV), a negative-stranded RNA virus of family Rhabdoviridae is endemic in Central India since 1965. The virus gained public health importance when it was held responsible for massive outbreak in 2003-2004 in Maharashtra, Telengana and Gujarat with case fatality rates ranging from 55 to 75% among children. We studied the stability of the virus as well as RNA persistence in samples stored at different temperatures for different periods. CHPV remained infective in sand flies and cell culture supernatants at 4 °C for 8 weeks...

Chandipura virus (CHPV), a cytoplasmic RNA virus, has been implicated in several outbreaks of acute encephalitis in India. Despite its human health relevance, how CHPV interacts with the host signaling machinery remains obscure. In response to viral infections, mammalian cells activate RelA/NF-κB heterodimers, which induce genes encoding interferon-β and other immune mediators. Therefore, RelA is generally considered to be an antiviral transcription factor. However, RelA activates a wide spectrum of genes in physiological settings and there is a paucity of direct genetic evidence substantiating antiviral RelA functions...

Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a neurotropic virus, known to cause encephalitis in humans. The microRNAs play an important role in the pathogenesis of viral infection. The present study is focused on the role of miRNAs during CHPV (Strain 1653514) infection in human microglial cells. The deep sequencing of CHPV infected human microglial cells identified a total of 12 differentially expressed miRNA (DEMs). To elucidate the role of DEMs, the target gene prediction, Gene Ontology term (GO Term), pathway enrichment analysis and miRNA-mRNA interaction network analysis were performed...

Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) occur sporadically and have been extensively studied because of the potential for permanent neurological damage or death. The neurotropic viruses have been reported to lead to various CNS infections. The objective of the present study is to develop an antigen detection ELISA protocol for detection and quantification of viral antigen in CNS infections by assessing the usefulness of antipeptide antibodies against potential peptides of cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV) and Chandipura virus (CHPV)...

Introduction: In recent years, the Chandipura virus (CHPV) has emerged as an encephalitic pathogen and found associated with a number of outbreaks in different parts of India. Children under 15 years of age are most susceptible to natural infection. CHPV is emerging as a significant encephalitis, causing virus in the Indian subcontinent. Severe outbreaks caused by the virus have been reported from several parts of India. Expalanation: In the recent past, the noticeable association of CHPV with pediatric sporadic encephalitis cases as well as a number of outbreaks in Andhra Pradesh (2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008), Gujarat in (2005, 2009-12) and Vidarbha region of Maharashtra (2007, 2009-12) have been documented...

Chandipura virus (CHPV), associated with an encephalitic illness in humans, has caused multiple outbreaks with high mortality in central and western India in recent years. The present study compares surface glycoprotein (G-protein) from prototype and recent outbreak strains using in silico tools and in vitro experiments. In silico epitope predictions (B-cell and T-helper cell) for the sequences, 3D structure prediction and comparison of the G-proteins of the strains: I653514 (Year 1965), CIN0327 (Year 2003) and 148974 (Year 2014) revealed that the CHPV G-protein is stable and antigenic determinants are conserved...

Chandipura Virus (CHPV) a negative-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family, has been previously reported to bring about neuronal apoptosis by stimulating oxidative stress. Our in silico data suggested the involvement of Angiotensin II in intracellular Ca2+ secretion within CHPV infected cells that further lead to enhancement of ROS level and mitochondrial dysfunction. ROS is also known to phosphorylate p38 that leads to neuronal apoptosis through FasL-FADD pathway during CHPV infection. Minocycline a broad-spectrum antibiotic well-known for its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory role was used in the present study to investigate its efficacy against CHPV...

Chandipura Virus (CHPV), a negative-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family, has been previously reported to bring neuronal apoptosis by activating several factors leading to neurodegeneration. Following virus infection of the central nervous system, microglia, the ontogenetic and functional equivalents of macrophages in somatic tissues gets activated and starts secreting chemokines, thereby recruiting peripheral leukocytes into the brain parenchyma. In the present study, we have systemically examined the effect of CHPV on microglia and the activation of cellular signalling pathways leading to chemokine expression upon CHPV infection...