olig

OBJECTIVE: To report clinical outcomes of patients who presented with new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE), developed drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), and were treated with responsive neurostimulation (RNS). METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients implanted with RNS at our institution and identified three who originally presented with NORSE. Through chart review, we retrieved objective and subjective information related to their presentation, workup, and outcomes including patient-reported seizure frequency...

In the evolving landscape of ependymoma classification, which integrates histological, molecular, and anatomical context, we detail a rare case divergent from the usual histopathological spectrum. We present the case of a 37-year-old man with symptomatic spinal cord compression at the L3-L4 level. Neuroradiological evaluation revealed an intradural, encapsulated mass. Histologically, the tumor displayed atypical features: bizarre pleomorphic giant cells, intranuclear inclusions, mitotic activity, and a profusion of eosinophilic cytoplasm with hyalinized vessels, deviating from the characteristic perivascular pseudorosettes or myxopapillary patterns...

INTRODUCTION: Mature cystic teratoma (MCT) is a common type of ovarian tumors that can, in rare cases, undergo malignant transformation. It has been discovered that MCT patients may experience psychiatric symptoms due to the presence of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibodies, which is the underlying cause of autoimmune encephalitis. Here, we present the first documented case of a patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis who also had a morphology of low-grade glioma within MCT...

A single injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or stromal vascular fraction (SVF) in treating neurological ailments suggests promise; however, there is limited evidence of the efficacy of combination therapy. This trial aimed to determine whether combining SVF and PRP could provide further therapeutic effects in treating multiple sclerosis (MS). Fifteen Persian cats were separated into three groups (n = 5): group I (control negative), and group II (control positive); EB was injected intrathecally into the spinal cord and then treated 14 days later with intrathecal phosphate buffered saline injection, and group III (SVF + PRP), cats were injected intrathecally with EB through the spinal cord, followed by a combination of SVF and PRP 14 days after induction...

Maldevelopment of oligodendroglia underlies neural developmental disorders such as leukodystrophy. Precise regulation of the activity of specific transcription factors (TFs) by various posttranslational modifications (PTMs) is required to ensure proper oligodendroglial development and myelination. However, the role of ubiquitination of these TFs during oligodendroglial development is yet unexplored. Here, we find that RNF220, a known leukodystrophy-related E3 ubiquitin ligase, is required for oligodendroglial development...

Fungal enzymes are effective in degrading various polymeric materials. In this study, we assessed the initial degradation of composites consisting of lignin-poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with both unmodified lignin (LIG) and oxypropylated lignin (oLIG) incorporated at 10 % and 40 % weight within the PLA matrix in a fungal environment. Trametes versicolor fungi were used, and the samples were treated only for eight weeks. Although there was no significant difference in weight loss, the degradation process impacted the chemical and thermal properties of the composites, as shown by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses...

OBJECTIVE: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent neurological disability among young adults. Anti-inflammatory drugs have shown to be effective in MS. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of Zingiber officinale (ginger) have been shown and proven in many phytotherapy studies. This study aimed to evaluate effects of ginger essential oil on preventing myelin degradation in a rat model of MS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we divided 49 rats into 7 groups; 4 control and 3 experimental groups that received 3 different dose of ginger essential oil (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg/day) for treatment of cuprizone-induced demyelinated rats...

UNLABELLED: The Gli transcription factors are the primary mediators of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Vertebrate genomes contain multiple Gli paralogues with different functions downstream of Hh signal receipt, in part explaining the complexity of cellular responses to Hh that allow concentration-dependent target gene activation. Amphioxus is a chordate that split from the vertebrate lineage early in the evolution of chordates, before the genome duplications that occurred in early vertebrate evolution...

BACKGROUND: As there is a lack of comprehensive literature regarding the molecular environment of the human brain emphasizing on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) following high impact brain trauma. The protagonist of OPCs post severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) provides a significant thrust towards estimating time elapsed since trauma as well as developing novel therapeutic approaches. The present study was carried out to study post trauma alterations pertaining to myelin sheath and oligodendrocyte response with survival time...

The tumor showed extensive microcalcifications and cells with oval, nuclei and a clear perinuclear halo (A), positive immunostaining for OLIG-2 (B), GFAP (C), and CD34 (D), and intermingled Neu-N-positive neurons (E). FISH revealed multiple signals for the centromere of chromosome 7 (gains) (green probe) and the EGFR locus (red probe) (F, left), and a single signal for the centromere of chromosome 10 (loss) (F, right).

The Olig genes encode members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors. Olig1, Olig2, and Olig3 are expressed in both the developing and mature central nervous system (CNS) and regulate cellular specification and differentiation. Over the past decade extensive studies have established functional roles of Olig1 and Olig2 in development as well as in cancer. Olig2 overexpression drives glioma proliferation and resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of the Olig family in brain cancer and how targeting Olig family genes may have therapeutic benefit...

BACKGROUND: "Surgeon's thumb," or thenar paresthesia, can result from prolonged or excessive grip force during laparoscopy, as can more general syndromes such as carpal tunnel. This is particularly relevant in gynecology, where laparoscopic procedures are standard. Though this method of injury is well known, there is a paucity of data to guide surgeons in selecting more efficient, ergonomic instruments. OBJECTIVE: This study compares the ratio of applied tissue force and required surgeon input in a sample of common ratcheting laparoscopic graspers in a small-handed surgeon, with the goal of providing potential metrics applicable to surgical ergonomics and surgeon instrument choice...

Maternal magnesium sulphate (MgSO4 ) treatment is widely recommended before preterm birth for neuroprotection. However, this is controversial because there is limited evidence that MgSO4 provides long-term neuroprotection. Preterm fetal sheep (104 days gestation; term is 147 days) were randomly assigned to receive sham occlusion with saline infusion (n = 6), or i.v. infusions with MgSO4 (n = 7) or vehicle (saline, n = 6) from 24 hours before hypoxia-ischaemia induced by umbilical cord occlusion, until 24 hours after occlusion...

Myelination contributes not only to the rapid nerve conduction but also to axonal insulation and protection. In the central nervous system (CNS), the initial myelination features a multistep process where oligodendrocyte precursor cells undergo proliferation and migration before differentiating into mature oligodendrocytes. Mature oligodendrocytes then extend processes and wrap around axons to form the multilayered myelin sheath. These steps are tightly regulated by various cellular and molecular mechanisms, such as transcription factors (Olig family, Sox family), growth factors (PDGF, BDNF, FGF-2, IGF), chemokines/cytokines (TGF-β, IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, IFN-γ), hormones (T3), axonal signals (PSA-NCAM, L1-CAM, LINGO-1, neural activity), and intracellular signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, PI3 K/AKT/mTOR, ERK/MAPK)...

Central Nervous System (CNS) embryonal tumors represent a heterogeneous group of highly aggressive tumors occurring preferentially in children but also described in adolescents and adults. In 2021, the CNS World Health Organization (WHO) classification drastically changed the diagnosis of the other CNS embryonal tumors including new histo-molecular tumor types. Here, we report a pediatric case of a novel tumor type among the other CNS embryonal tumors classified within the methylation class "CNS Embryonal Tumor with BRD4-LEUTX Fusion"...

A 13-year-old castrated male Toy Poodle presented with an acute vestibular disorder. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography revealed a large oval space-occupying mass with skull destruction located from the subcutaneous tissue to the posterior fossa region. Histopathologically, the mass was a bundled growth of spindle-shaped mesenchymal tumor cells between the myofibrillar and collagen bundles. The cells were moderately irregular in size and had eosinophilic stained cytoplasm. The cells were highly atypical and had rare mitotic figures...

Astroblastoma is an uncommon tumor of the central nervous system. It is variable in morphology, but the astroblastic pseudorosettes and vascular hyalinization are the most important features. Most astroblastomas occur in the cerebral hemisphere. We report a recurrent high-grade astroblastoma with MN1-BEND2 fusion in the spinal cord. Two lesions were found in the T5-7 level and T12-L1 level, and they were well defined in images. Rhabdoid and signet-ring-like cells were observed. It may be classified as a high-grade tumor due to cellularity, high mitotic count, and pleomorphism...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. Although remarkable progress has been made in treating MS, current therapies are less effective in protecting against the progression of the disease. Since cucurbitacins have shown an extreme range of pharmacological properties, in this study, we aimed to investigate the prophylactic effect of cucurbitacin B (CuB) in the experimental MS model. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by subcutaneous immunization of MOG35-55 in C57BL/6 mice...

OBJECTIVES: Glioma patients with brain tumor-related epilepsy (BTRE) have a complex profile due to the simultaneous presence of two pathologies, glioma and epilepsy; however, they have not traditionally received as much attention as those with more malignant brain tumors. The underlying pathophysiology of brain tumor-related epilepsy remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible correlation between molecular neuropathology and glioma with BTRE and a wide range of BTRE-associated molecular markers of glioma patients...

Motoneurons and motoneuron-like pancreatic β cells arise from radial glia and ductal cells, respectively, both tube-lining progenitors that share molecular regulators. To uncover programs underlying motoneuron formation, we studied a similar, cell-division-independent transformation of the C. elegans tube-lining Y cell into the PDA motoneuron. We find that lin-12/Notch acts through ngn-1/Ngn and its regulator hlh-16/Olig to control transformation timing. lin-12 loss blocks transformation, while lin-12(gf) promotes precocious PDA formation...