undescended testes

Background Undescended testis (UDT) is one of the most common urogenital abnormalities. International guidelines recommend performing orchidopexy no later than 18 months to decrease the risk of complications associated with UDT such as infertility and testicular malignancy. The aim of the study is to evaluate the outcomes of early versus late surgical intervention of UDT and to assess if the optimal age of orchidopexy is met. Methods This is a retrospective cross-sectional study that included 258 pediatric patients' testes with no prior UDT intervention from January 2016 to December 2020...

Congenital cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testis, is the condition where one or both testes are not in place in the scrotum at birth and is one of the most common birth defects in boys. Temporal trends and geographic variation in the prevalence of cryptorchidism from 1% to 9% have been reported in prospective cohort studies. The testes develop in the abdominal cavity and descend to the scrotum in two phases, which should be completed by gestational week 35. Thus, the risk of cryptorchidism is higher in preterm boys...

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Encysted spermatic cord hydrocele is a rare anomaly characterized by obstruction of processus vaginalis closure. Clinically, it presents as a swelling in the inguinal region extending to the upper scrotum and does not communicate with the peritoneal cavity. It is often mistaken for indirect inguinal hernias, inguinal lymphadenopathy, undescended testis, and primary tumors of the cord in infants and children, making the diagnosis challenging. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the cases of five male patients aged nine months to 12 years who presented with painless swelling on the right side of the scrotal region...

PURPOSE: Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) and Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKHS) share common clinical features such as female phenotype, vaginal hypoplasia, and primary amenorrhea. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is performed to investigate the cause of primary amenorrhea. However, the MRI features are also similar in both disorders. They are ultimately diagnosed by chromosome testing, but there is a possibility of misdiagnosis if chromosome testing is not performed...

Cryptorchidism (CO) or undescended testes is defined as the failure of one or both testes to be positioned inside the scrotum. Typically, cryptorchidism is detected at birth or shortly thereafter, and in humans, it is considered to be part of the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS), a complex pathology regarding the male reproductive system that apparently involves the interaction of both genetic and environmental harmful factors, mainly during embryonic development. Serotonin (5-HT) is an ancient molecule that participates in a broad range of body functions, and in recent years, its importance in reproduction has started to be elucidated...

Cryptorchidism is the condition in which one or both testes have not descended adequately into the scrotum. The congenital form of cryptorchidism is one of the most prevalent urogenital anomalies in male newborns. In the acquired form of cryptorchidism, the testis that was previously descended normally is no longer located in the scrotum. Cryptorchidism is associated with an increased risk of infertility and testicular germ cell tumors. However, data on pubertal progression are less well-established because of the limited number of studies...

BACKGROUND: This study aimed the evaluation of the value of the calculated volume of a normal testis to predict the status of its contralateral impalpable side and hence decide the importance of laparoscopic exploration. METHODS: Patients with unilateral impalpable undescended testis - as confirmed by clinical and sonographic examination- were enrolled in our prospective interventional study between November 2018 and August 2022 at Elshatby University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University...

INTRODUCTION: Bowel bladder dysfunction (BBD) is common in children. Risk factors for BBD include age, gender, obesity, and behavioral issues such as ADHD. We investigated the modified Swedish Bowel-Bladder questionnaire as a sensitive indicator of BBD in healthy children. OBJECTIVES: We tested the usefulness of the Swedish Bowel-Bladder Questionnaire (BBQ) as an indicator of BBD in children not complaining of bowel/bladder dysfunction at the time of their visit to a pediatric urologist...

PURPOSE: Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) type II is a rare disease with only a few cases reported. Patients presented with hypospadias, micropenis, undescended testes, or infertility. In this study, we report a new patient with compound heterozygous variants in the LHCGR gene and LCH type II phenotype. METHODS: Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed followed by Sanger sequencing to confirm the detected variants in the patient and his parents. RESULTS: A novel missense variant (p...

Cryptorchidism presents with an incidence of 1-5% with potential long-term implications on future fertility and overall health. This review focuses on surgical treatment modalities, their impact on testicular development, and function while addressing the Nordic consensus statement as well as current European Association of Urology (EAU) and American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines. Congenital and acquired cryptorchidism present distinctive challenges in surgical management, with different implications for fertility...

BACKGROUND: Testicular volume is a marker of male pubertal development. Various clinical conditions and their treatments may influence testicular growth. OBJECTIVES: To create ruler-based age-dependent pubertal testicular volume references that enable calculation of standard deviation (SD) scores. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study cohort comprised 65 boys who attended clinical examination twice a year from the age of 8.5 years until the attainment of final testicular size...

There are 3 physiological waves of central hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis activity over the lifetime. The first occurs during fetal life, the second-termed "mini-puberty"-in the first months after birth, and the third at puberty. After adolescence, the axis remains active all through adulthood. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion or action. In cases of severe CHH, all 3 waves of GnRH pulsatility are absent...

OBJECTIVES: Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is defined as the presence of multiple noncommunicating cysts of various sizes, detected sonographically, without evidence of functioning renal parenchyma on dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan. It has an incidence of 1:4000 live births. They are more commonly diagnosed in boys, usually on the left side, but may also be bilateral. There is the presence of primitive ducts surrounded by fibromuscular connective tissue. These are because of the disturbed connection of the ureteric bud with renal blastema and abnormal division at the stage of metanephros, resulting in an abnormal metanephros differentiation...

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic exploration is currently considered the gold standard for managing nonpalpable intraabdominal testes. The problem of short vascular pedicle is addressed in Fowler-Stephen (FS) technique by the division of testicular vessels and in Shehata technique (ST) by traction on testicular vessels. There is a lack of the consensus among pediatric surgeons on the choice of one technique over other. This analysis compares the reported outcomes of staged laparoscopic orchidopexy by ST with the time tested FS technique in managing high intraabdominal undescended testis...

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to objectively assess the long-term results of laparoscopic orchidopexy in patients who were diagnosed clinically to have nonpalpable undescended testis (UDT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: All operated cases of nonpalpable UDT from January, 2000, to January, 2014, were reviewed. After informed consent, all patients were subjected to a color Doppler ultrasound examination to assess the location of the testis, its size, blood supply, and consistency...

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STUDY QUESTION: Do different boys with different types of cryptorchidism exhibit different anogenital distances (AGDs)? SUMMARY ANSWER: Length of AGD seemed to differ in different groups of patients with cryptorchidism. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: AGD, which is used as an indicator of prenatal androgen action, tends to be shorter in boys with cryptorchidism compared to unaffected boys. Shorter AGDs have also been reported in boys with hypospadias, in men with poor semen quality, and in men with testicular cancer...

PURPOSE: Cryptorchidism is a well-defined risk factor for testicular germ cell tumors, whereas the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Surgical procedures to reposition undescended testicles into the scrotum (orchidopexy) in early childhood are recommended both to increase fertility potential and to reduce the risk of developing testicular tumors. However, treatment in the post-pubertal period is controversial. The aim of this study is to review the histopathology of orchiectomy specimens and determination of spermatogenesis in post-pubertal patients with non-treated cryptorchidism...

PURPOSE: We assessed the stiffness of unilateral undescended testes after orchiopexy, examining its value in tracking histopathological changes and fertility potential during postoperative follow-up. Additionally, we explored the optimal timing for surgery based on testicular stiffness. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-six boys who had been diagnosed with unilateral undescended testis and treated with orchiopexy were included in the study. Testicular stiffness was evaluated several times over respective follow-up periods by ultrasound strain elastography after orchiopexy...

AIM: Ultrasound elastography is a simple non-invasive method for measuring tissue elasticity in relation to tissue fibrosis. The aim of this study was to compare echogenicity, volume and shear wave velocities of undescended vs normally descended testes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-six boys with undescended testes were included in this study. The median age range was 35.5 (10-118) months old. The cases included in this prospective study consisted of 66 patients with non-operated undescended testes, with 51 of them being affected unilaterally and 15 affected bilaterally, as diagnosed by physical examination...