CA3 physiology

Chickpea, being an important grain legume crop, is often confronted with the adverse effects of high temperatures at the reproductive stage of crop growth, drastically affecting yield and overall productivity. The current study deals with an extensive evaluation of chickpea genotypes, focusing on the traits associated with yield and their response to heat stress. Notably, we observed significant variations for these traits under both normal and high-temperature conditions, forming a robust basis for genetic research and breeding initiatives...

Fluorene-9-bisphenol (BHPF) is widely used in the manufacture of plastic products and potentially disrupts several physiological processes, but its biological effects on social behavior remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of BHPF exposure on anxiety-like and social behavior in female mice and the potential mechanisms, thereby proposing a potential therapy strategy. We exposed female Balb/c mice to BHPF by oral gavage at different doses (0.5, 50 mg/kg bw/2-day) for 28 days, which were found BHPF (50 mg/kg) exposure affected motor activity in the open field test (OFT) and elevated cross maze (EPM), resulting in anxiety-like behaviors, as well as abnormal social behavioral deficits in the Social Interaction Test (SIT)...

Premature birth or complications during labor can cause temporary disruption of cerebral blood flow, often followed by long-term disturbances in brain development called hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy. Diffuse damage to the white matter is the most frequently detected pathology in this condition. We hypothesized that oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) differentiation disturbed by mild neonatal asphyxia may affect the viability, maturation, and physiological functioning of oligodendrocytes. To address this issue, we studied the effect of temporal HI in the in vivo model in P7 rats with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), microscopy techniques and biochemical analyses...

We performed a comparative assessment of the immunohistochemical distribution of markers of mitochondrial fission (Drp-1), mitochondrial fusion (Mfn-2), and mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α) in pyramidal neurons of different zones of the hippocampus in mice with intrahippocampal administration of β-amyloid peptide 25-35. The most pronounced changes in the dynamics associated with a decrease in the amount of the fission marker and an increase in the amount of the fusion marker were observed in the CA3 field on day 38 after peptide administration...

Low-voltage fast (LVF) seizure-onset is one of the two frequently observed temporal lobe seizure-onset patterns. Depth electroencephalogram profile analysis illustrated that the peak amplitude of LVF onset was deep temporal areas, e.g., hippocampus. However, the specific dynamic transition mechanisms between normal hippocampal rhythmic activity and LVF seizure-onset remain unclear. Recently, the optogenetic approach to gain control over epileptic hyper-excitability both in vitro and in vivo has become a novel noninvasive modulation strategy...

Physiological studies have revealed that rats perform spatial localization relying on grid cells and place cells in the entorhinal-hippocampal CA3 structure. The dynamic connection between the entorhinal-hippocampal structure and the prefrontal cortex is crucial for navigation. Based on these findings, this paper proposes a spatial navigation method based on the entorhinal-hippocampal-prefrontal information transmission circuit of the rat's brain, with the aim of endowing the mobile robot with strong spatial navigation capability...

Microglia and astrocytes are essential in sustaining physiological networks in the central nervous system, with their ability to remodel the extracellular matrix, being pivotal for synapse plasticity. Recent findings have challenged the traditional view of homogenous glial populations in the brain, uncovering morphological, functional, and molecular heterogeneity among glial cells. This diversity has significant implications for both physiological and pathological brain states. In the present study, we mechanically induced a Schaffer collateral lesion (SCL) in mouse entorhino-hippocampal slice cultures to investigate glial behavior, i...

The results of the synthesis of microcrystalline calcium phosphates such as hydroxoapatite, pyrophosphate, and tricalcium phosphate are presented herein. The influence of the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the phase characteristics of the resulting high-temperature ceramic sample is considered. The X-ray results show that hydroxyapatite (HAp) consists of a Ca5 (PO4 )3 (OH) phase, while the sample with the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone contains β-Ca3 (PO4 )2 (65.5%) and β-Ca2 P2 O7 (34...

Brain physiology and morphology are vulnerable to chronic stress, impacting cognitive performance and behavior. However, functional compounds found in food may alleviate these alterations. White quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa , Wild) seeds contain a high content of n-3 fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acid. This study aimed to evaluate the potential neuroprotective role of a quinoa-based functional food (QFF) in rats. Prepubertal male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with rat chow or QFF (50% rat chow + 50% dehydrated quinoa seeds) and exposed or not to restraint stress protocol (2 h/day; 15 days)...

Understanding the plasticity of neuronal networks is an emerging field of (patho-) physiological research, yet the underlying cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Gamma oscillations (30 to 80 hertz), a biomarker of cognitive performance, require and potentiate glutamatergic transmission onto parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PVIs), suggesting an interface for cell-to-network plasticity. In ex vivo local field potential recordings, we demonstrate long-term potentiation of hippocampal gamma power. Gamma potentiation obeys established rules of PVI plasticity, requiring calcium-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs)...

The hippocampal formation is crucial for learning and memory, with submodule CA3 thought to be the substrate of pattern completion. However, the underlying synaptic and computational mechanisms of this network are not well understood. Here, we perform circuit reconstruction of a CA3 module using three dimensional (3D) electron microscopy data and combine this with functional connectivity recordings and computational simulations to determine possible CA3 network mechanisms. Direct measurements of connectivity schemes with both physiological measurements and structural 3D EM revealed a high connectivity rate, multi-fold higher than previously assumed...

BACKGROUND: Astrocytes are essential for synaptic transmission, and their dysfunction can result in neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Many studies have shown that global knockout of Melatonin receptor 2 ( Mtnr1b ) is associated with the development of various mental disorders. AIM: This study aimed to investigate the effects of astrocyte ablation of Mtnr1b on cognitive function and anxiety-like behavior in mice, as well as the potential biological mechanisms...

Plant Carbonic anhydrases (Cas) have been shown to be stress-responsive enzymes that may play a role in adapting to adverse conditions. Cotton is a significant economic crop in China, with upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) being the most widely cultivated species. We conducted genome-wide identification of the βCA gene in six cotton species and preliminary analysis of the βCA gene in upland cotton. In total, 73 βCA genes from six cotton species were identified, with phylogenetic analysis dividing them into five subgroups...

The consolidation of recent memories depends on memory replays, also called ripples, generated within the hippocampus during slow-wave sleep, and whose inactivation leads to memory impairment. For now, the mobilisation, localisation and importance of synaptic plasticity events associated to ripples are largely unknown. To tackle this question, we used cell surface AMPAR immobilisation to block post-synaptic LTP within the hippocampal region of male mice during a spatial memory task, and show that: 1- hippocampal synaptic plasticity is engaged during consolidation, but is dispensable during encoding or retrieval...

Sporadic or late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) accounts for more than 95% of AD cases without any family history. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified associated risk genes and loci for LOAD, numerous studies suggest that many adverse environmental factors, such as social isolation, are associated with an increased risk of dementia. However, the underlying mechanisms of social isolation in AD progression remain elusive. In the current study, we found that 7 days of social isolation could trigger pattern separation impairments and presynaptic abnormalities of the mossy fibre-CA3 circuit in AD mice...

Progressive cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease could either be caused by a spreading molecular pathology or by an initially focal pathology that causes aberrant neuronal activity in a larger network. To distinguish between these possibilities, we generated a mouse model with expression of mutant human amyloid precursor protein (APP) in only hippocampal CA3 cells. We found that performance in a hippocampus-dependent memory task was impaired in young adult and aged mutant mice. In both age groups, we then recorded from the CA1 region, which receives inputs from APP-expressing CA3 cells...

Several soil fungi significantly contribute to the enhancement of plant development by improving nutrient uptake and producing growth-promoting metabolites. In the present study, three strains of phosphate-solubilizing fungi, namely, Aspergillus chiangmaiensis SDBR-CMUI4, A. pseudopiperis SDBR-CMUI1, and A. pseudotubingensis SDBR-CMUO2, were examined for their plant-growth-promoting capabilities. The findings demonstrated that all fungi showed positive siderophore production, but only A. pseudopiperis can produce indole-3-acetic acid...

Growing evidence supports the notion that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and lactate are potent modulators of mammalian brain function. The modulatory actions of those biomolecules influence a wide range of neuronal responses, from the shaping of neuronal excitability to the induction and expression of structural and synaptic plasticity. The biological actions of BDNF and lactate are mediated by their cognate receptors and specific transporters located in the neuronal membrane. Canonical functions of BDNF occur via the tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor (TrkB), whereas lactate acts via monocarboxylate transporters or the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1)...

Numerous rare variants that cause neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) occur within genes encoding synaptic proteins, including ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). However, in many cases it remains unclear how damaging missense variants affect brain function. We determined the physiological consequences of an NDD causing missense mutation in the GRIK2 kainate receptor (KAR) gene, that results in a single amino acid change p.Ala657Thr in the GluK2 receptor subunit. We engineered this mutation in the mouse Grik2 gene, yielding a GluK2(A657T) mouse, and studied mice of both sexes to determine how hippocampal neuronal function is disrupted...

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that mTOR signaling plays an important role in synaptic plasticity. However, the function of S6K1, the mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1 (mTORC1) substrate, in epilepsy remains unknown. AIMS: Our present study aimed to explore the mechanism by which S6K1 is involved in chronic epilepsy. METHODS: First, immunostaining was used to measure neurite length and complexity in kainic acid (KA)-treated primary cultured neurons treated with PF-4708671, a highly selective S6K1 inhibitor...