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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Daxi Wang, Xinglou Yang, Zirui Ren, Ben Hu, Hailong Zhao, Kaixin Yang, Peibo Shi, Zhipeng Zhang, Qikai Feng, Carol Vannesa Nawenja, Vincent Obanda, Kityo Robert, Betty Nalikka, Cecilia Njeri Waruhiu, Griphin Ochieng Ochola, Samson Omondi Onyuok, Harold Ochieng, Bei Li, Yan Zhu, Haorui Si, Jiefang Yin, Karsten Kristiansen, Xin Jin, Xun Xu, Minfeng Xiao, Bernard Agwanda, Sheila Ommeh, Junhua Li, Zheng-Li Shi
BACKGROUND: Zoonotic viruses cause substantial public health and socioeconomic problems worldwide. Understanding how viruses evolve and spread within and among wildlife species is a critical step when aiming for proactive identification of viral threats to prevent future pandemics. Despite the many proposed factors influencing viral diversity, the genomic diversity and structure of viral communities in East Africa are largely unknown. RESULTS: Using 38.3 Tb of metatranscriptomic data obtained via ultradeep sequencing, we screened vertebrate-associated viromes from 844 bats and 250 rodents from Kenya and Uganda collected from the wild...
April 10, 2024: Microbiome
#2
Shaoming Xiao, Ahmed Abade, Waqo Boru, Watipaso Kasambara, John Mwaba, Francis Ongole, Mariam Mmanywa, Nídia Sequeira Trovão, Roma Chilengi, Geoffrey Kwenda, Christopher Garimoi Orach, Innocent Chibwe, Godfrey Bwire, O Colin Stine, Aaron M Milstone, Justin Lessler, Andrew S Azman, Wensheng Luo, Kelsey Murt, David A Sack, Amanda K Debes, Shirlee Wohl
Despite ongoing containment and vaccination efforts, cholera remains prevalent in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Part of the difficulty in containing cholera comes from our lack of understanding of how it circulates throughout the region. To better characterize regional transmission, we generated and analyzed 118 Vibrio cholerae genomes collected between 2007-2019 from five different countries in Southern and Eastern Africa. We showed that V. cholerae sequencing can be successful from a variety of sample types and filled in spatial and temporal gaps in our understanding of circulating lineages, including providing some of the first sequences from the 2018-2019 outbreaks in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, and Malawi...
March 30, 2024: medRxiv
#3
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Kwaku Poku Asante, Don P Mathanga, Paul Milligan, Samuel Akech, Abraham Oduro, Victor Mwapasa, Kerryn A Moore, Titus K Kwambai, Mary J Hamel, Thomas Gyan, Nelli Westercamp, Atupele Kapito-Tembo, Patricia Njuguna, Daniel Ansong, Simon Kariuki, Tisungane Mvalo, Paul Snell, David Schellenberg, Paul Welega, Lucas Otieno, Alfred Chimala, Edwin A Afari, Philip Bejon, Kenneth Maleta, Tsiri Agbenyega, Robert W Snow, Madaliso Zulu, Jobiba Chinkhumba, Aaron M Samuels
BACKGROUND: The RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine (RTS,S) was introduced by national immunisation programmes in Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi in 2019 in large-scale pilot schemes. We aimed to address questions about feasibility and impact, and to assess safety signals that had been observed in the phase 3 trial that included an excess of meningitis and cerebral malaria cases in RTS,S recipients, and the possibility of an excess of deaths among girls who received RTS,S than in controls, to inform decisions about wider use...
April 4, 2024: Lancet
#4
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Niranjani Nagarajan, Shane D Burns, Roselyter M Riang'a, Eunice Muthoni Mwangi, Shaheen Sayed, Muthoni Gichu, Kenneth M Langa, Edward Miguel, Anthony K Ngugi, Joshua R Ehrlich
In Kenya, the number of adults aged ≥60 is expected to nearly quadruple by 2050, making it one of the most rapidly aging countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Accordingly, we designed the Longitudinal Study of Health and Ageing in Kenya (LOSHAK) to generate novel data to address the health and economic consequences of this demographic transition. Specifically, LOSHAK will investigate the social, economic, environmental, biological, and policy processes that shape late-life health and economic well-being in Kenya...
2024: Innovation in Aging
#5
REVIEW
Aarman Sohaili, Judith Asin, Pierre P M Thomas
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) jeopardizes the effectiveness of essential antimicrobial agents in treating infectious diseases. Accelerated by human activities, AMR is prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Kenya, due to indiscriminate antibiotic use and limited diagnostics. This study aimed to assess Kenya's AMR efforts through a situational analysis of policy efficacy, interventions, and implementation, culminating in recommendations for strengthening mitigation. Employing two methodologies, this study evaluated Kenya's AMR endeavors...
February 20, 2024: Antibiotics
#6
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Hannah E Atlas, Bakary Conteh, Md Taufiqul Islam, Khuzwayo C Jere, Richard Omore, Doh Sanogo, Francesca Schiaffino, Mohammad Tahir Yousafzai, Naveed Ahmed, Alex O Awuor, Henry Badji, Jennifer Cornick, Erika Feutz, Sean R Galagan, Fadima C Haidara, Bri'Anna Horne, Md Ismail Hossen, Aneeta Hotwani, Eric R Houpt, Abdoulie F Jallow, Mehrab Karim, Adama Mamby Keita, Youssouf Keita, Farhana Khanam, Jie Liu, Thandizo Malemia, Alhagie Manneh, Christine J McGrath, Dilruba Nasrin, Maureen Ndalama, John Benjamin Ochieng, Billy Ogwel, Maribel Paredes Olortegui, Loyda Fiorella Zegarra Paredes, Tackeshy Pinedo Vasquez, James A Platts-Mills, Syed Qudrat-E-Khuda, Sonia Qureshi, Md Nazmul Hasan Rajib, Elizabeth T Rogawski McQuade, Shazia Sultana, Sharon M Tennant, Kirkby D Tickell, Desiree Witte, Pablo Peñataro Yori, Nigel A Cunliffe, M Jahangir Hossain, Margaret N Kosek, Karen L Kotloff, Firdausi Qadri, Farah Naz Qamar, Milagritos D Tapia, Patricia B Pavlinac
BACKGROUND: Shigella is a leading cause of acute watery diarrhea, dysentery, and diarrhea-attributed linear growth faltering, a precursor to stunting and lifelong morbidity. Several promising Shigella vaccines are in development and field efficacy trials will require a consortium of potential vaccine trial sites with up-to-date Shigella diarrhea incidence data. METHODS: The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella surveillance study will employ facility-based enrollment of diarrhea cases aged 6-35 months with 3 months of follow-up to establish incidence rates and document clinical, anthropometric, and financial consequences of Shigella diarrhea at 7 country sites (Mali, Kenya, The Gambia, Malawi, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Peru)...
March 2024: Open Forum Infectious Diseases
#7
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Chloe Morozoff, Naveed Ahmed, Jobiba Chinkhumba, Md Taufiqul Islam, Abdoulie F Jallow, Billy Ogwel, Loyda Fiorella Zegarra Paredes, Doh Sanogo, Hannah E Atlas, Henry Badji, Naor Bar-Zeev, Bakary Conteh, Mario Güimack Fajardo, Erika Feutz, Fadima C Haidara, Mehrab Karim, Adama Mamby Keita, Youssouf Keita, Farhana Khanam, Margaret N Kosek, Karen L Kotloff, Rebecca Maguire, Ishmail S Mbutuka, Maureen Ndalama, John Benjamin Ochieng, Collins Okello, Richard Omore, Karin F Perez Garcia, Farah Naz Qamar, Syed Qudrat-E-Khuda, Sonia Qureshi, Md Nazmul Hasan Rajib, Wagner Valentino Shapiama Lopez, Shazia Sultana, Desiree Witte, Mohammad Tahir Yousafzai, Alex O Awuor, Nigel A Cunliffe, M Jahangir Hossain, Maribel Paredes Olortegui, Milagritos D Tapia, K Zaman, Arianna Rubin Means
BACKGROUND: Comparative costs of public health interventions provide valuable data for decision making. However, the availability of comprehensive and context-specific costs is often limited. The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella surveillance study-a facility-based diarrhea surveillance study across 7 countries-aims to generate evidence on health system and household costs associated with medically attended Shigella diarrhea in children. METHODS: EFGH working groups comprising representatives from each country (Bangladesh, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Pakistan, Peru, and The Gambia) developed the study methods...
March 2024: Open Forum Infectious Diseases
#8
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Courtney Babb, Henry Badji, Md Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan, Jennifer Cornick, Sonia Qureshi, Catherine Sonye, Wagner V Shapiama Lopez, Mehreen Adnan, Hannah E Atlas, Kehkashan Begum, Stephanie A Brennhofer, Bubacarr E Ceesay, Abdoulie K Ceesay, Nigel A Cunliffe, Paul F Garcia Bardales, Shahinur Haque, Bri'Anna Horne, M Jahangir Hossain, Junaid Iqbal, Md Taufiqul Islam, Sadia Islam, Farhana Khanam, Karen L Kotloff, Thandizo Malemia, Katia Manzanares Villanueva, Gertrude Malola Million, Vitumbiko Munthali, John Benjamin Ochieng, Billy Ogwel, Maribel Paredes Olortegui, Richard Omore, Patricia B Pavlinac, James A Platts-Mills, Khandra T Sears, Ousman Secka, Sharon M Tennant, Pablo Peñataro Yori, Mohammad Tahir Yousafzai, Khuzwayo C Jere, Margaret N Kosek, Stephen Munga, Usman N Ikumapayi, Firdausi Qadri, Farah Naz Qamar, Elizabeth T Rogawski McQuade
BACKGROUND: The measurement of fecal inflammatory biomarkers among individuals presenting to care with diarrhea could improve the identification of bacterial diarrheal episodes that would benefit from antibiotic therapy. We reviewed prior literature in this area and describe our proposed methods to evaluate 4 biomarkers in the Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella surveillance study. METHODS: We systematically reviewed studies since 1970 from PubMed and Embase that assessed the diagnostic characteristics of inflammatory biomarkers to identify bacterial diarrhea episodes...
March 2024: Open Forum Infectious Diseases
#9
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Richard Omore, Alex O Awuor, Billy Ogwel, Caleb Okonji, Catherine Sonye, Caren Oreso, Victor Akelo, Manase Amollo, Isaiah Ogudi, Raphael O Anyango, Marjorie Audi, Evans Apondi, Laura Riziki, Lilian Ambila, Nasrin Dilruba, Erick Muok, Stephen Munga, John B Ochieng, Karen L Kotloff
BACKGROUND: Although Shigella is an important cause of diarrhea in Kenyan children, robust research platforms capable of conducting incidence-based Shigella estimates and eventual Shigella- targeted clinical trials are needed to improve Shigella -related outcomes in children. Here, we describe characteristics of a disease surveillance platform whose goal is to support incidence and consequences of Shigella diarrhea as part of multicounty surveillance aimed at preparing sites and assembling expertise for future Shigella vaccine trials...
March 2024: Open Forum Infectious Diseases
#10
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Elizabeth F Adhiambo, Louis-Clement Gouagna, Eunice A Owino, Francis Mutuku, Merid N Getahun, Baldwyn Torto, David P Tchouassi
This study investigates the efficacy of three different olfactory cues - cyclohexanone, linalool oxide (LO), and 6-methyl-5-heptan-2-one (sulcatone) - in attracting Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue, using BG sentinel traps in a dengue-endemic area (urban Ukunda) in coastal Kenya. Two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 compared solid formulations of the compounds in polymer beads against liquid formulations with hexane as the solvent. CO2 -baited traps served as controls. In Experiment 2, traps were baited with each compound in the polymer beads, commercial BG-Lure, and CO2 ...
March 27, 2024: Journal of Chemical Ecology
#11
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Malia Skjefte, Shawna Cooper, Stephen Poyer, Christopher Lourenço, Sam Smedinghoff, Brett Keller, Tonny Wambua, Christine Oduor, Sasha Frade, Wycliffe Waweru
Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) are an essential diagnostic tool in low-resource settings; however, administration and interpretation errors reduce their effectiveness. HealthPulse, a smartphone mRDT reader application, was developed by Audere to aid health workers in mRDT administration and interpretation, with an aim to improve the mRDT testing process and facilitate timely decision making through access to digitized results. Audere partnered with PSI and PS Kenya to conduct a pilot study in Busia County, Kenya between March and September 2021 to assess the feasibility and acceptability of HealthPulse to support malaria parasitological diagnosis by community health volunteers (CHVs) and private clinic health workers (private clinic HWs)...
2024: PloS One
#12
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Daniel Owusu, Linus K Ndegwa, Jorim Ayugi, Peter Kinuthia, Rosalia Kalani, Mary Okeyo, Nancy A Otieno, Gilbert Kikwai, Bonventure Juma, Peninah Munyua, Francis Kuria, Emmanuel Okunga, Ann C Moen, Gideon O Emukule
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the cocirculation of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic and the use of respiratory disease sentinel surveillance platforms for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 activity in sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe influenza and SARS-CoV-2 cocirculation in Kenya and how the SARS-CoV-2 data from influenza sentinel surveillance correlated with that of universal national surveillance. METHODS: From April 2020 to March 2022, we enrolled 7349 patients with severe acute respiratory illness or influenza-like illness at 8 sentinel influenza surveillance sites in Kenya and collected demographic, clinical, underlying medical condition, vaccination, and exposure information, as well as respiratory specimens, from them...
March 25, 2024: JMIR Public Health and Surveillance
#13
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Sophie Belman, Henri Pesonen, Nicholas J Croucher, Stephen D Bentley, Jukka Corander
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a globally distributed, human obligate opportunistic bacterial pathogen which, although often carried commensally, is also a significant cause of invasive disease. Apart from multi-drug resistant and virulent clones, the rate and direction of pneumococcal dissemination between different countries remains largely unknown. The ability for the pneumococcus to take a foothold in a country depends on existing population configuration, the extent of vaccine implementation, as well as human mobility since it is a human obligate bacterium...
March 20, 2024: G3: Genes—Genomes—Genetics
#14
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jackline Kosgei, John E Gimnig, Vincent Moshi, Seline Omondi, Daniel P McDermott, Martin J Donnelly, Collins Ouma, Bernard Abong'o, Eric Ochomo
BACKGROUND: Vector surveillance is among the World Health Organization global vector control response (2017-2030) pillars. Human landing catches are a gold standard but difficult to implement and potentially expose collectors to malaria infection. Other methods like light traps, pyrethrum spray catches and aspiration are less expensive and less risky to collectors. METHODS: Three mosquito sampling methods (UV light traps, CDC light traps and Prokopack aspiration) were evaluated against human landing catches (HLC) in two villages of Rarieda sub-county, Siaya County, Kenya...
March 16, 2024: Malaria Journal
#15
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Rumbidzai Chireshe, Tawanda Manyangadze, Keshena Naidoo
BACKGROUND: Integrated health care is an approach characterized by a high degree of collaboration and communication among health professionals. Integration of HIV/NCD is recommended to enhance the quality of healthcare services being provided. Duplication of limited resources is minimized, and a holistic care approach is promoted by shifting from acute and reactive care to care that embraces patient-centredness that includes promotive health and disease surveillance. The high burden of HIV disease in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) combined with the increasing prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) necessitates a review of how health systems has been doing to deliver quality integrated care for people living with HIV (PLWH) and comorbid chronic NCDs...
2024: PloS One
#16
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Charles Komen Chelimo, Paul Oyieng Angienda, Charles Ochieng Olwal, Henry Nyamogoba
BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a high-burden infectious disease worldwide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is the aetiological agent of TB. RESEARCH GAP: The TB burden is significantly linked to the development of drug-resistant strains. Thus, there is an urgent need for close surveillance of MTBC circulating in a given region, such as Western Kenya, for treatment of TB. AIM: To determine the proportion of MTBC species, strains and genetic diversities in circulation in HIV/AIDS-prevalent regions, and Western Kenya in particular...
2024: Access microbiology
#17
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Beena Bhamani, Elisabet Martí Coma-Cros, Maria Tusell, Vita Mithi, Elisa Serra-Casas, Nana Aba Williams, Kim A Lindblade, Koya C Allen
As countries approach elimination of malaria, groups with increased exposure to malaria vectors or poor access to health services may serve as important human reservoirs of infection that help maintain transmission in the community. Parasitological testing and treatment targeted to these groups may reduce malaria transmission overall. This systematic review assessed the effectiveness of targeted testing and treatment (TTaT) to reduce malaria transmission, the contextual factors, and the results of modeling studies that estimated the intervention's potential impact...
March 12, 2024: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
#18
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Adewale L Oyeyemi, Andrea Ramirez Varela, Estelle V Lambert, Eduardo Ribes Kohn, Pedro C Hallal, Michael Pratt
OBJECTIVE: To describe the evolution of physical activity (PA) research in Africa, examine income and gender inequalities, and discuss future possibilities. METHODS: A secondary analyses of the Global Observatory for Physical Activity data on PA research in Africa (1950-2019). RESULTS: We identified 514 PA articles from 47 African countries in the past 70 years. Majority (83.1%) of the articles were published between 2012 and 2019. Fifteen countries had no publications...
February 27, 2024: Journal of Physical Activity & Health
#19
Luna Kamau, Kelly L Bennett, Eric Ochomo, Jeremy Herren, Silas Agumba, Samson Otieno, Diana Omoke, Damaris Matoke-Muhia, David Mburu, Joseph Mwangangi, Edith Ramaita, Elijah O Juma, Charles Mbogo, Sonia Barasa, Alistair Miles
Background Anopheles coluzzii is a primary vector of malaria found in West and Central Africa, but its presence has hitherto never been documented in Kenya. A thorough understanding of vector bionomics is important as it enables the implementation of targeted and effective vector control interventions. Malaria vector surveillance efforts in the country have tended to focus on historically known primary vectors. In the current study, we sought to determine the taxonomic status of samples collected from five different malaria epidemiological zones in Kenya as well asdescribe the population genetic structure and insecticide resistance profiles in relation to other An...
February 15, 2024: Research Square
#20
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Purity Kasiano, Susan Kavai, Susan Kiiru, Andrew Nyerere, Samuel Kariuki
INTRODUCTION: Multiple studies have shown that typhoid fever is endemic in developing countries characterized by poor hygiene. A unique way of Salmonella Typhi (S.Typhi) pathogenicity is establishing a persistent, usually asymptomatic carrier state in some infected individuals who excrete large numbers of bacteria in faeces. This study aimed to determine the isolation rate of S.Typhi from blood and stool samples among cases and asymptomatic individuals in the Mukuru informal settlement and identify antibiotic resistance patterns within the same population...
2024: PloS One
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