mast cell

BACKGROUND: Patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) experience persistent abdominal pain, a common symptom leading to greater healthcare utilization and reports of treatment non-response. Clinically significant improvements in abdominal pain were observed in clinical trials of tenapanor, a first-in-class inhibitor of sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), for the treatment of IBS-C in adults. AIM: This narrative review reports the current knowledge about visceral hypersensitivity as a mechanism for abdominal pain in patients with IBS-C and explores the published evidence for hypothesized mechanisms by which tenapanor may reduce visceral hypersensitivity leading to the observed clinical response of decreased abdominal pain...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

A specialized population of mast cells residing within epithelial layers, currently known as intraepithelial mast cells (IEMCs), was originally observed over a century ago, yet their physiological functions have remained enigmatic. In this study, we unveil an unexpected and crucial role of IEMCs in driving gasdermin C-mediated type 2 immunity. During helminth infection, αEβ7 integrin-positive IEMCs engaged in extensive intercellular crosstalk with neighboring intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Through the action of IEMC-derived proteases, gasdermin C proteins intrinsic to the epithelial cells underwent cleavage, leading to the release of a critical type 2 cytokine, interleukin-33 (IL-33)...

Skin aging is a complex process involving structural and functional changes and is characterized by a decrease in collagen content, reduced skin thickness, dryness, and the formation of wrinkles. This process is underpinned by multiple mechanisms including the free radical theory, inflammation theory, photoaging theory, and metabolic theory. The skin immune system, an indispensable part of the body's defense mechanism, comprises macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and mast cells. These cells play a pivotal role in maintaining skin homeostasis and responding to injury or infection...

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), mainly expressed by epithelial cells, plays a central role in asthma. In humans, TSLP exists in two variants: the long form TSLP (lfTSLP) and a shorter TSLP isoform (sfTSLP). Macrophages (HLMs) and mast cells (HLMCs) are in close proximity in the human lung and play key roles in asthma. We evaluated the early proteolytic effects of tryptase and chymase released by HLMCs on TSLP by mass spectrometry. We also investigated whether TSLP and its fragments generated by these enzymes induce angiogenic factor release from HLMs...

As we draw the curtain on this Special Issue dedicated to the intricate roles of mast cells (MCs) in health and disease, we reflect on the insights garnered from the array of research articles featured within the published papers of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences ( IJMS ) [...].

Cancer is the leading cause of death in companion animals. The evaluation of locoregional lymph nodes, known as lymph node mapping, is a critical process in assessing the stage of various solid tumors, such as mast cell tumors (MCTs), anal gland anal sac adenocarcinoma, melanoma, and mammary gland adenocarcinoma. MCTs are among the most prevalent skin malignancies in dogs. Staging is used to describe the extent of neoplastic disease, provide a framework for rational treatment planning, and evaluate treatment results...

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors in the head and neck region. The carcinogenesis is a complex process stimulated by many factors. Although the etiological factors and pathogenic mechanisms are not elucidated, the genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and association with latent infection with Epstein-Barr Virus play an important role. The aim of this study was to present the main clinical and epidemiological data, as well as the morphological aspects and the immunohistochemical profile, of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosed in western Romania...

Asthma is a chronic, heterogeneous disease of the airways, often characterised by structural changes known collectively as airway remodelling. In response to environmental insults, including pathogens, allergens and pollutants, the epithelium can initiate remodelling via an inflammatory cascade involving a variety of mediators that have downstream effects on both structural and immune cells. These mediators include the epithelial cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin 33 and interleukin 25, which facilitate airway remodelling through cross-talk between epithelial cells and fibroblasts, and between mast cells and airway smooth muscle cells, as well as through signalling with immune cells like macrophages...

Intestinal barrier dysfunction, leaky gut, is implicated in various diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease. Our recent investigation revealed that basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs), critical for cognitive function, receive signals from butyrate and orexin, playing a role in regulating intestinal barrier function through adenosine A2B signaling and the vagus. This study explores the involvement and function of brain histamine, linked to BFCNs, in the regulation of intestinal barrier function...

The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is implicated mainly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and reported to be responsible for several processes and roles in the human body, such as regulating sleep, food intake, sexual behavior, anxiety, and drug abuse. It is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. Serotonin also functions as a signal between neurons to mature, survive, and differentiate. It plays a crucial role in neuronal plasticity, including cell migration and cell contact formation...

Walker-256 tumor is an experimental model known to promote cachexia syndrome, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation. This study evaluated the duodenal mucosa of rats with Walker-256 tumor administered with 1% L-glutathione, intending to evaluate the damage caused by cancer-associated cachexia in the gastrointestinal tract and the effects of antioxidant administration on mucosal protection. Twenty-four 55-day-old male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: control (C); control administered with 1% L-glutathione (C-GSH); Walker-256 tumor (W) and Walker-256 tumor administered with 1% L-glutathione (W-GSH)...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

BACKGROUND: Evidence indicates that chronic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can increase the risk of atherosclerosis (AS), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study is intended for confirming key genes shared between NAFLD and AS, and their clinical diagnostic value to establish a foundation for searching novel therapeutic targets. METHODS: We downloaded the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets, GSE48452 and GSE89632 for NAFLD and GSE100927, GSE40231 and GSE28829 for AS...

INTRODUCTION: This study focuses on evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of cecropin AD, an antimicrobial peptide, against H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) in chickens. Given the global impact of H9N2 AIV on poultry health, identifying effective treatments is crucial. METHODS: To assess the impact of cecropin AD, we conducted in vivo experiments involving 108 5-week-old chickens divided into control, infected, and various treatment groups based on cecropin AD dosage levels (high, medium, and low)...

More than 20% of the world's population suffers from allergic diseases, including allergic asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis that severely reduce the patient's quality of life. The treatment of allergy has been developed, but there are still unmet needs. Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv. is a traditional medicinal herb with beneficial bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-hypertension, anti-viral, anti-mutagenic, and skin and liver (anti-hepatotoxic) protective actions. However, its anti-allergic effect has not been addressed...

Alopecia areata refers to an autoimmune illness indicated by persistent inflammation. The key requirement for alopecia areata occurrence is the disruption of immune-privileged regions within the hair follicles. Recent research has indicated that neuropeptides play a role in the damage to hair follicles by triggering neurogenic inflammation, stimulating mast cells ambient the follicles, and promoting apoptotic processes in keratinocytes. However, the exact pathogenesis of alopecia areata requires further investigation...

Mast cells (MCs) play a significant role in various diseases, and their activation and degranulation can trigger inflammatory responses and barrier damage. Several studies have indicated that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) exerts ameliorates neurological injury, and regulates gut MC degranulation. However, there is limited research on the modulatory effect of VNS on MCs in both the gut and brain in brain ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in this process. We aim to develop a minimally invasive, targeted and convenient VNS approach to assess the impact of VNS and to clarify the relationship between VNS and MCs on the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke...

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common allergic disease. Cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily e, polypeptide 1 (Cyp2e1) is a member of the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes, while its role in AR is still unveiled. In AR mice, T cell-specific overexpression of Cyp2e1 relieved the AR symptoms. Overexpressed-Cyp2e1 restrained the infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells in the nasal mucosa of mice, and the inflammatory cells in nasal lavage fluid (NALF). Cyp2e1 overexpressed mice exhibited decreased goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus secretion as well as decreased MUC5AC expression in nasal mucosa...

Mast cells are activated through a variety of different receptors to release preformed granules and mediators synthesized de novo . However, the physiology and function of mast cells are not fully understood. Traditional studies of mast cell activation in humans have utilized cultures of tissue-derived mast cells including CD34+ progenitor cells or well-characterized commercially available cell lines. One limitation of these methods is that mast cells are no longer in a natural state. Therefore, their applicability to human skin disorders may be limited...