Apotosis

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important health concern in the society. Previous studies have suggested that necroptosis occurs following TBI. However, the underlying mechanisms and roles of necroptosis are not well understood. In this study, we aimed to assess the role of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIP3)-mediated necroptosis after TBI both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: We established a cell-stretching injury and mouse TBI model by applying a cell injury controller (CIC) and controlled cortical impactor (CCI) to evaluate the relationships among necroptosis, apotosis, inflammation, and TBI both in vitro and in vivo...

Exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) may generate excessive oxidative stress, inducing renal cell apoptosis related with kidney dysfunction. Geniposide (GP) belongs to the iridoid compound with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. This study aimed to observe the intervention effect of GP on H2 O2 -induced apoptosis in human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells and to explore its potential mechanism in relation to N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation. Cell viability, apotosis rate and cell cycle were tested separately after different treatments...

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to explore the impact of N6-methyladenosine (m6 A) modification in circStk4 on glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) autophagy, proliferation and apoptosis. METHODS: The interactions between circStk4 and miR-133a-3p, miR-133a-3p and C1 were demonstrated through luciferase reporter assays. The circStk4 localization was analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization and nuclear/cytosol fractionation assays. Colorimetric assays, MeRIP-qPCR, and western blot (WB) were employed to confirm the m6 A modification of circStk4 and identify the key methylation enzyme...

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI), often experienced at the intensive care units, is associated with high morbidity/mortality where ischemia-reperfusion injury is a main causative factor. Succinate accumulation during ischemia contributes to the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species at reperfusion. Inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase has been associated with protective outcome in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion after 24h, but the effects on kidney and mitochondrial functions are less well studied...

BACKGROUND: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) presents ongoing therapeutic challenges due to its intricate molecular pathogenesis. This study aimed to elucidate the role of RNA binding motif protein 39 (RBM39) in AML cell proliferation, apoptosis, and chemosensitivity, and its potential modulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. METHODS: In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted using AML cell lines (K562 and U937) and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) from AML patients and healthy donors...

Atherosclerotic plaques are fatty growths in artery walls that cause heart attacks and strokes. Plaque formation is driven by macrophages that are recruited to the artery wall. These cells consume and remove blood-derived lipids, such as modified low-density lipoprotein. Ineffective lipid removal, due to macrophage death and other factors, leads to the accumulation of lipid-loaded macrophages and formation of a necrotic lipid core. Experimental observations suggest that macrophage functionality varies with the extent of lipid loading...

It is possible to develop new chemopreventive compounds so that cancer cells can be targeted in an exclusive manner. Bioactive natural compounds have demonstrated to be efficient chemotherapeutic agents, safe and cost-effective. Majority of anti-cancer medications are derived from natural sources, particularly of plant origins. Betanin (betanidin-5-O-β-glucoside) is the most common betacyanin with antioxidant, anti inflammatory and anticancer properties. The present study therefore investigated the effect of betanin onosteosarcoma MG-63 cells...

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diabetic retinopathy is the most common eye disease that causes blindness in the working population. Neurodegeneration is the early sign of diabetic retinopathy, but no drug has been approved for delaying or reversing retinal neurodegeneration. Huperzine A, a natural alkaloid isolated from Huperzia serrata, displays neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effects in treating neurodegenerative disorders. Our study aims to investigate the effect of huperzine A in preventing retinal neurodegeneration of diabetic retinopathy and its possible mechanism...

Long non-coding RNAs are thought to play a vital role in a variety of human malignancies. Studies have shown that MIR155 host gene (MIR155HG) acts as an oncogene in several cancers, but the function and its mechanism of MIR155HG in gastric cancer (GC) is still poorly understood. In this study, we determined the biological functions and underlying mechanisms of MIR155HG in GC cells. We found that expression levels of MIR155HG was increased markedly in GC patients' serum. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that MIR155HG modulated the malignant phenotype of GC cells, such as cell proliferation, colony forming ability, cell migration ability, and tumor growth in nude mice...

Apotosis is an essential process tightly regulated by the Bcl-2 protein family where proapoptotic Bax triggers cell death by perforating the mitochondrial outer membrane. Although intensively studied, the molecular mechanism by which these proteins create apoptotic pores remains elusive. Here, we show that Bax creates pores by extracting lipids from outer mitochondrial membrane mimics by formation of Bax/lipid clusters that are deposited on the membrane surface. Time-resolved neutron reflectometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed two kinetically distinct phases in the pore formation process, both of which were critically dependent on cardiolipin levels...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The Jian-Yan-Ling (JYL) capsule is a famous anti-aging Chinese patent medicine. It is applied mainly to delay senescence to improve cognition in aging individuals. However, the action mechanisms of JYL for improving cognition have not been determined. AIM OF THE STUDY: We will evaluate the effect of the JYL capsule at improving the cognition of aging mice by improving oxidative stress in the hippocampus and exploring its action mechanism...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although the etiology of PD is still unclear, the death of dopaminergic neurons during PD progression was revealed to be associated with abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein, elevation of oxidative stress, dysfunction of mitochondrial functions, and increased neuroinflammation. In this study, the effects of Licochalcone D (LCD) on MG132-induced neurotoxicity in primitive neural stem cells (pNSCs) derived from reprogrammed iPSCs were investigated...

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an important serine/threonine kinase that plays a critical role in several processes including cell cycle, protein synthesis, and energy metabolism. Due to its multiple roles and general dysregulation in cancer, the mTOR pathway is an important target in cancer therapy. However, studies on mTOR activity in seminoma are limited. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the expression of mTOR signaling pathway proteins in the TCam-2 cell line after rapamycin treatment. TCam-2 cells were treated with different concentrations of rapamycin (control (no rapamycin treatment), 4 nM, 20 nM, 100 nM, 500 nM, and 1000 nM rapamycin) for 48 h and 72 h...

BACKGROUND: Plants play an important role in cancer therapy. They are source of natural molecules which can induce apoptosis in cancer cells by affecting molecular mechanisms implicated in cancer progression. The MAP Kinase/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways are two classical signaling pathways implicated in cancer progression and constitute therapeutic targets against cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of euphol on MAP Kinase/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in glioblastoma and prostate cancer cells...

Rabies virus (RABV) is an infectious and neurotropic pathogen that causes rabies and infects humans and almost all warm-blooded animals, posing a great threat to people and public safety. It is well known that innate immunity is the critical first line of host defense against viral infection. It monitors the invading pathogens by recognizing the pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns through pattern-recognition receptors, leading to the production of type I interferons (IFNα/β), inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, or the activation of autophagy or apoptosis to inhibit virus replication...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the neurodegenerative diseases that is characterized by obvious motor and some nonmotor symptoms. Various therapeutics failed in the effective treatment of PD because of impaired neurological function in the brain and various complications. Periplaneta Americana oligosaccharides (OPA), the main active ingredients extracted from the medicine residues of Periplaneta Americana ( P. Americana ), have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible mechanisms of OPA against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+ )-induced apotosis in SH-SY5Y cells and its potential neuroprotective effects in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD subacute model mice...

Tectoridin, isolated from the dry rhizome of iris, is a compound with multiple biological activities. However, its biological roles in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have still not been clearly elucidated. The aim of this study was to focus on the effects of tectoridin on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced human fibroblast‑like synoviocyte rheumatoid arthritis (HFLS‑RA) cells, and its associated mechanisms. After TNF-α stimulation, CCK8 and MTT assays, TUNEL assay and flow cytometry, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analysis were performed to check the cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and cycle analysis, and the expression of related proteins, respectively...

Sodium retention and edema are hallmarks of nephrotic syndrome (NS). Different experimental rodent models have been established for simulating NS, however, not all of them feature sodium retention which requires proteinuria to exceed a certain threshold. In rats, puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis (PAN) is a classic NS model introduced in 1955 that was adopted as doxorubicin-induced nephropathy (DIN) in 129S1/SvImJ mice. In recent years, mice with inducible podocin deletion (Nphs2Δipod ) or podocyte apoptosis (POD-ATTAC) have been developed...

Thyroid hormone was involved in gene expression and functional regulation in various signal pathways. Cold stress can increase triiodothyronine (T3 ) level in the blood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of T3 on HSP70 expression and apoptosis in Sertoli cells (SCs) under cold stress in vitro culture at 26 °C, and provide a theoretical and practical basis for improving the reproductive efficiency of bulls in cold areas. SCs were treated with different cold stress duration and different T3 concentrations for pre-screening...

Background: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in the world with a high mortality rate. The mechanism about ESCC development and whether miRNAs play a critical role remains unclear and needs carefully elucidated. Materials and Methods: High-throughput miRNA sequencing was used to identify the different expression miRNAs between the ESCC tissues and paired adjacent normal tissues. Next, both CCK-8, Transwell and apotosis assay were used to evaluate the role of miRNA in ESCCcells...