typhoid

Non-typhoidal Salmonella infection is among the most frequent foodborne diseases threatening human health worldwide. The host circadian clock orchestrates daily rhythms to adapt to environmental changes, including coordinating immune function in response to potential infections. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interplay between the circadian clock and the immune system in modulating infection processes are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that NLRP6, a novel nucleotide-oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family member highly expressed in the intestine, is closely associated with the differential day-night response to Salmonella infection...

Activation of the adaptive immune system requires the engagement of costimulatory pathways in addition to B and T cell Ag receptor signaling, and adjuvants play a central role in this process. Many Gram-negative bacterial polysaccharide vaccines, including the tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MCV4) and typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccines, do not incorporate adjuvants. The immunogenicity of typhoid vaccines is due to the presence of associated TLR4 ligands in these vaccines. Because the immunogenicity of MCV4 is poor and requires boosters, I hypothesized that TLR4 ligands are absent in MCV4 and that incorporation of a TLR4 ligand-based adjuvant would improve their immunogenicity...

Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease is a serious bloodstream infection that targets immune-compromised individuals, and causes significant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ST313 causes the majority of iNTS in Malawi. We performed an intensive comparative genomic analysis of 608 S . Typhimurium ST313 isolates dating between 1996 and 2018 from Blantyre, Malawi. We discovered that following the arrival of the well-characterized S . Typhimurium ST313 lineage 2 in 1999, two multidrug-resistant variants emerged in Malawi in 2006 and 2008, designated sublineages 2...

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is the causative agent of enteric fever, commonly called "typhoid". This fever can be mistaken for a variety of other febrile disorders. It is an endemic sickness, especially in developing nations. Enteric fever typically manifests with fever, abdominal pain, and constitutional symptoms, making it a diagnostic challenge due to its broad clinical spectrum. Enteric fever also affects various other systems, causing complications, amongst which the cardiovascular system is no exception...

Pork is among the major sources of human salmonellosis in developed countries. Since the 1990s, different surveys and cross-sectional studies, both national and international (i.e., the baseline studies performed in the European Union), have revealed and confirmed the widespread non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes in pigs. A number of countries have implemented control programs with different approaches and degrees of success. The efforts could be implemented either at farms, in post-harvest stages, or both...

In a health emergency, governments rely on public trust in their policy, and anticipate its compliance to protect health and save lives. Vaccine hesitancy compromises this process when an emergency involves infections. The prevailing discourse on vaccine hesitancy often describes it as a static phenomenon, ignoring its expanse and complexity, and neglecting the exploration of tools to address it. This article diverges from the conventional perspective by explaining the case of Pakistan and its communication strategy for the COVID-19 vaccine...

The results of autopsies performed in the pathological department of the Infectious Diseases Hospital named after. S.P. Botkin during the siege of Leningrad (from September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944). The structure of diseases of the deceased varied during different periods of the siege of Leningrad. In the first period (September-December 1941), diphtheria, dysentery, measles, typhoid fever, and scarlet fever prevailed among the diseases. The most common causes of death in the second period (April-December 1942) were typhus, dysentery, tuberculosis, lobar pneumonia, and typhoid fever...

Consumption of contaminated water and foods by Salmonella Typhi cause the most common enteric disease known as Typhoid fever in both humans and animals. Despite the existence of various vaccines but infectious diseases remain a major cause of mortality worldwide. Nowadays, in-silico tools design a reliable and stable vaccine to combat such infections. The study aimed to design and evaluate a multi-epitope vaccine based on the outer-membrane proteins of Salmonella Typhi. B-cells and T-cells epitopes were predicted...

UNLABELLED: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A are the cause of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in humans, which are systemic life-threatening illnesses. Both serovars are exclusively adapted to the human host, where they can cause life-long persistent infection. A distinct feature of these serovars is the presence of a relatively high number of degraded coding sequences coding for metabolic pathways, most likely a consequence of their adaptation to a single host. As a result of convergent evolution, these serovars shared many of the degraded coding sequences although often affecting different genes in the same metabolic pathway...

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an escalating global public health threat. Canals are essential in Thailand, including the capital city, Bangkok, as agricultural and daily water sources. However, the characteristic and antimicrobial-resistance properties of the bacteria in the urban canals have never been elucidated. This study employed whole genome sequencing to characterize 30 genomes of a causal pathogenic bacteria, Salmonella enterica, isolated from Bangkok canal water between 2016 and 2020. The dominant serotype was Salmonella Agona...

Typhoid ileal perforation (TIP) is a common surgical emergency in low-middle income countries (LMICs). Its high surgical morbidity and mortality is due to its often late presentation or diagnosis, the patient's malnutrition, severe peritoneal contamination and unavailability of intensive care in most peripheral hospitals. This prompted the philosophy of minimizing the crisis by avoiding any repair or anastomosis, limiting the surgery in these physiologically compromised patients and performing only a temporary defunctioning ileostomy (DI) which could then be closed 10-12 weeks later...

BACKGROUND: Altered neural haemodynamic activity during decision making and learning has been linked to the effects of inflammation on mood and motivated behaviours. So far, it has been reported that blunted mesolimbic dopamine reward signals are associated with inflammation-induced anhedonia and apathy. Nonetheless, it is still unclear whether inflammation impacts neural activity underpinning decision dynamics. The process of decision making involves integration of noisy evidence from the environment until a critical threshold of evidence is reached...

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BACKGROUND: Enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A is an important public health problem, especially in low-income and middle-income countries with limited access to safe water and sanitation. We present results from, to our knowledge, the first ever human study of a bivalent paratyphoid A-typhoid conjugate vaccine (Sii-PTCV). METHODS: In this double-blind phase 1 study, 60 healthy Indian adults were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive a single intramuscular dose of either Sii-PTCV or typhoid conjugate vaccine (Typbar-TCV)...

Bacterial genotoxins damage host cells by targeting their chromosomal DNA. In the present study, we demonstrate that a genotoxin of Salmonella Typhi, typhoid toxin, triggers the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) by damaging mitochondrial DNA. The actions of typhoid toxin disrupt mitochondrial DNA integrity, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and disturbance of redox homeostasis. Consequently, it facilitates the release of damaged mitochondrial DNA into the cytosol, activating type I interferon via the cGAS-STING pathway...

Tularaemia is a highly infectious, zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis , which has become increasingly prevalent over the past decade. Depending on the route of infection, different clinical manifestations can be observed. We report a case of typhoidal tularaemia presenting as a febrile illness with gastrointestinal symptoms in a patient in her mid-80s. During the acute illness phase and in the context of alcohol-related liver cirrhosis, the patient developed progressive ascites. During paracentesis, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was consistently reported...

AIM: We investigated the molecular underpinnings of variation in immune responses to the live attenuated typhoid vaccine (Ty21a) by analyzing the baseline immunological profile. We utilized gene expression datasets obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (accession number: GSE100665) before and after immunization. We then employed two distinct computational approaches to identify potential baseline biomarkers associated with responsiveness to the Ty21a vaccine. MAIN METHODS: The first pipeline (knowledge-based) involved the retrieval of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), functional enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction network construction, and topological network analysis of post-immunization datasets before gauging their pre-vaccination expression levels...

Typhoid fever-an acute febrile disease caused by infection with the bacterium Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi)-continues to be a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries with limited access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. Environmental surveillance, the process of detecting and enumerating disease-causing agents in wastewater, is a useful tool to monitor the circulation of typhoid fever in endemic regions. The design of environmental surveillance sampling plans and the interpretation of sampling results is complicated by a high degree of uncertainty and variability in factors that affect the final measured pathogens in wastewater samples, such as pathogen travel time through a wastewater network, pathogen dilution, decay and degradation, and laboratory processing methods...

Typhoid intestinal perforation (TIP) is a leading cause of peritonitis and indication for emergency surgery in Africa, with reported mortality rates up to 30% in pediatric patients. Currently, data on TIP in Western databases are primarily from countries that speak English, likely due to non-English publication and citation biases. Despite the high burden of infectious diseases in Francophone Africa, data from these countries regarding TIP remain limited. This study aims to highlight the incidence and morbidity of TIP in Francophone African countries using an extended search algorithm...

Nontyphoidal Salmonella commonly induces intestinal infections; however, spondylitis arising from this bacterium is exceedingly rare. A comprehensive review of the clinical attributes of nontyphoidal Salmonella-induced spondylitis in adult populations is lacking in the literature. We report a case of an 83-year-old female who presented with a fever lasting three days, accompanied by anorexia and pervasive malaise. A month prior, she had been prescribed celecoxib and had received a trigger point injection. The patient was initially diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis and treated with an antimicrobial regimen...