zbrush

This paper gives an overview of working with anatomical scan data such as CT and surface scans. The various types of scans are discussed along with their pros and cons, before going on to provide a detailed guide as to how these can be further post-processed. A method for cleaning and enhancing scan data using the 3D modelling software ZBrush is outlined. Finally, a method for sharing the resulting scans online via Sketchfab is presented.

The sensory end-organs responsible for hearing and balance in the mammalian inner ear are connected via a small membranous duct known as the ductus reuniens (also known as the reuniting duct (DR)). The DR serves as a vital nexus linking the hearing and balance systems by providing the only endolymphatic connection between the cochlea and vestibular labyrinth. Recent studies have hypothesized new roles of the DR in inner ear function and disease, but a lack of knowledge regarding its 3D morphology and spatial configuration precludes testing of such hypotheses...

INTRODUCTION: In the 1930s, an innovative adjunct available to anatomy learners was Grant's Atlas of Anatomy and Grant's Museum specimens of regional anatomy. With advancements in technology, learning tools used in anatomy education now also include digital reproductions of cadaveric specimens into 3D or interactive formats. Recent pivoting to online teaching and increased reliance on digital resources makes it a natural progression to advance the legacy of Grant's work with an online library of 3D models matching the museum...

Facial reconstruction is a technique that can be used to estimate individual faces from human skulls. The presentation of 3D facial reconstructions as photo-realistic depictions of people from the past to public audiences varies widely due to differing methods, the artists' CGI skillset, and access to VFX software required to generate plausible faces.This chapter describes three digital methods for the addition of realistic textures to 3D facial reconstructions; a 2D photo-composite method, a 3D digital painting and rendering method, and a previously undescribed hybrid 2...

The interaction between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment is determinant for metastasis success. In this study, the ultrastructural relevance of cells in the malignant pleural effusion (MPE) of women with breast cancer history was investigated. In MPE, it is possible to observe single cells and clusters. Women whose MPE presents carcinomas in aggregates have a better prognosis when compared to cases in which metastatic single cells are found. Samples were collected via fine-needle aspiration puncture (US-FNA)...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of radiating energy transmitted through lithium disilicate discs of different thicknesses and opacities with different curing units (CU). Discshaped specimens 8 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm or 0.7 mm thick were designed with Zbrush® and Cura 3D® software, milled from HT and MO IPS e-maxCAD blocks (Ivoclar Vivadent) with Ceramill Mikro 4 (Amann Girrbach, Austria) and processed according to manufacturer instructions. Thickness was checked with a Mitutoyo (México) caliper...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of radiating energy transmitted through lithium disilicate discs of different thicknesses and opacities with different curing units (CU). Discshaped specimens 8 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm or 0.7 mm thick were designed with Zbrush® and Cura 3D® software, milled from HT and MO IPS e-maxCAD blocks (Ivoclar Vivadent) with Ceramill Mikro 4 (Amann Girrbach, Austria) and processed according to manufacturer instructions. Thickness was checked with a Mitutoyo (México) caliper...

This study aims to create a mobile application for public interaction around the subject of wolf spiders, specifically the brush-legged wolf spider. The hope is that the public will have a reduced level of fear towards arachnids when given a chance to view arachnids in a digital setting. To assist this, the application employs augmented reality animation, which has been shown to have a positive impact on the viewer's interest and learning. With the opportunity to view a digital spider interacting with surfaces in a repeatable and informative manner, viewers may find that their fears are more understood and can be controlled for both their benefit and that of the local arachnids...

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The degree of asymmetry perception of dental and medical practitioners is influenced by several factors. The perceived asymmetry affect the treatment plan design. PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the consistency of facial asymmetry and identify the amounts of transverse asymmetry that can be regarded as normal and might need correction. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, three-dimensional (3D) images of a man and a women volunteer were obtained...

The Pernkopf Atlas has posed an ethical dilemma for the past 30 years. Although its illustrations are of an indisputably high quality, its unethical origins yield questions with its use. This study aimed to identify successful methods for creating equal if not higher quality anatomical visualisations through an analysis and comparison of past and present medical illustrator's techniques. Pernkopf's illustrations were not used as an anatomical reference to ensure the new visuals were ethical; instead other existing visuals and written sources were compiled and reviewed to create an original 3D model of the posterior cervical triangle using ZBrush 2020...

The aim of this systematic review was to gather the clinical and laboratory applications of CAD/CAM technology for preoperative planning, designing of an attachment system, and manufacturing of nasal prostheses. According to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, an electronic search was carried out. Only human clinical studies involving digital planning for the rehabilitation of facial defects were included. A total of 21 studies were included with 23 patients, which were virtually planned through different planning software...

Three-dimensional (3D) scanning of the human skin for 3D medical visualisation and printing does not often produce the desired results due to a number of factors including the specularity of human skin, difficulties in scanning fine structures such as the hair and the capabilities of the scanning technologies utilised. Some additional 3D modelling may be required to make the surfaces more suitable for use in the production of anatomical and medical teaching resources, computerised facial depiction and design of bespoke prostheses...

Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer related deaths in the UK. However, public knowledge and understanding of the pancreas is generally poor, therefore pancreatic cancer patients often have to contend with understanding large quantities of new information at a pivotal time in their lives.Despite utilisation of digital visualisation techniques in medical education, very rarely are they being used to help clinicians communicate information to their patients. Specifically, there is no literature describing use of an interactive digital application for use by healthcare professionals to aid discussions specific to pancreatic cancer...

Mixed reality (MR), a technology which supplements the real world with virtual objects, is increasingly becoming available as a teaching tool in medical education. The Microsoft HoloLens device allows operators to experience MR using a head-mounted device without interfering with their physical reality, stimulating a realistic learning experience using virtual objects. This project aimed to develop a MR anatomy teaching application with HoloLens for exploring the anatomy of the temporal bone. The educational application was developed from a multidisciplinary collaboration between undergraduate and postgraduate students across several academic disciplines with Medtronic, a medical technology company...

The aim of the study was an experimental estimation of precision of maxilla bone digital solid 3D-model construction algorithm. The experiment was carried out on 12 mutton mandibles used 3D-model construction based on CT data. Estimated error was calculated for each of the stages of proposed processing algorithm including 3 software: ScanIP (triangle mesh calculation, primary solid 3D-model), ArtecStudio 9 (secondary procession for artefacts elimination), ZBrush 4R6 (triangle mesh simplification, final 3D-model)...

Multidirectional defibrillation protocols have shown better efficiency than monodirectional; still, no testing was performed to assess cell lethality. We investigated lethality of multidirectional defibrillator-like shocks on isolated cardiomyocytes. Cells were isolated from adult male Wistar rats and plated into a perfusion chamber. Electrical field stimulation threshold (ET ) was obtained, and cells were paced with suprathreshold bipolar electrical field (E) pulses. Either one monodirectional high-intensity electrical field (HEF) pulse aligned at 0° (group Mono0) or 60° (group Mono60) to cell major axis or a multidirectional sequence of three HEF pulses aligned at 0°, 60°, and 120° each was applied...

For the purposes of virtual surgery, medical education, medical communication, and realistic surface models of anatomic structures are required. In the most involved method, surface models can be made using segmentation and three-dimensional reconstruction procedures. Such models, however, are computationally expensive, and can be difficult to use. Therefore, optimization is often performed manually, but this is a time-consuming job that requires considerable artistic talent. In this article, the authors describe a method that uses Maya and ZBrush to construct optimized surface models of anatomic structures...

BACKGROUND: Additive manufacturing using fused deposition modelling (FDM) has become widely available with the development of consumer-grade three-dimensional printers. To be useful in maxillofacial surgery, models created by these printers must accurately reproduce the craniofacial skeleton. OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of consumer-grade FDM printers in the production of medical models compared with industrial selective laser sintering (SLS) printers. METHODS: Computed tomography images of a dry skull were manipulated using OsiriX (OsiriX, Switzerland) and ZBrush (Pixologic, USA) software...

The technique of forensic facial approximation, or reconstruction, is one of many facets of the field of mummy studies. Although far from a rigorous scientific technique, evidence-based visualization of antemortem appearance may supplement radiological, chemical, histological, and epidemiological studies of ancient remains. Published guidelines exist for creating facial approximations, but few approximations are published with documentation of the specific process and references used. Additionally, significant new research has taken place in recent years which helps define best practices in the field...

Lipodystrophy is a pathological condition characterized by the focal or general absence of adipose tissue. Surgeons reset the patient's surface contours using injectable materials to recreate a normal physical appearance. However, due to difficulties in preoperative planning and intraoperative assessment, about 15% of the surgical procedures involved are reinterventions to improve volume or symmetry. This increases the need for an available, efficient tool capable of providing the surgeon with a good estimation of the volumes to be injected before the intervention proper begins...