Mauricio Quezada, Carolina Ponce, Pablo Berríos-Cárcamo, Daniela Santapau, Javiera Gallardo, Cristian De Gregorio, María Elena Quintanilla, Paola Morales, Marcelo Ezquer, Mario Herrera-Marschitz, Yedy Israel, Paula Andrés-Herrera, Lucia Hipólito, Fernando Ezquer
BACKGROUND: Morphine is an opiate commonly used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain. However, prolonged administration can lead to physical dependence and strong withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of morphine use. These symptoms can include anxiety, irritability, increased heart rate, and muscle cramps, which strongly promote morphine use relapse. The morphine-induced increases in neuroinflammation, brain oxidative stress, and alteration of glutamate levels in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens have been associated with morphine dependence and a higher severity of withdrawal symptoms...
November 6, 2023: CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics