Niños

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is highly dependent on coupled atmosphere-ocean interactions and feedbacks, suggesting a tight relationship between ENSO strength and background climate conditions. However, the extent to which background climate state determines ENSO behavior remains in question. Here we present reconstructions of total variability and El Niño amplitude from individual foraminifera distributions at discrete time intervals over the past ~285,000 years across varying atmospheric CO2 levels, global ice volume and sea level, and orbital insolation forcing...

The role of extra-cranial injury burden and systemic injury response on cerebrovascular response in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is poorly documented. This study preliminarily assesses the association between admission features of extra-cranial injury burden on cerebrovascular reactivity. Using the Collaborative European Neurotrauma Effectiveness Research in TBI High-Resolution ICU (HR ICU) sub-study cohort, we evaluated those patients with both archived high-frequency digital intra-parenchymal intra-cranial pressure monitoring data of a minimum of 6 h in duration, and the presence of a digital copy of their admission computed tomography (CT) scan...

Transient mesoscale oceanic eddies in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems are thought to strongly affect key regional scale processes such as ocean heat transport, coastal upwelling and productivity. Understanding how these can be modulated at low-frequency is thus critical to infer their role in the climate system. Here we use 26 years of satellite altimeter data and regional oceanic modeling to investigate the modulation of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) off Peru and Chile by ENSO, the main mode of natural variability in the tropical Pacific...

The Serengeti ecosystem spans an extensive network of protected areas in Tanzania, eastern Africa, and a UNESCO Wold Heritage Site. It is home to some of the largest animal migrations on the planet. Here, we describe a dataset consisting of the sample counts of three age classes (infant, juvenile and adult) of 13 ungulate and one ostrich species. Sample counts were tallied visually from the ground, or, in some instances, aerial photographs, during a period extending from 1926 to 2018. Observed animals were assigned to age classes based on specific criteria for each species...

The diffusion of novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus over the world generated COVID-19 pandemic event as reported by World Health Organization on March 2020. The huge issue is the high infectivity and the absence of vaccine and customised drugs allowing for hard management of this outbreak, thus a rapid and on site analysis is a need to contain the spread of COVID-19. Herein, we developed an electrochemical immunoassay for rapid and smart detection of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in saliva. The electrochemical assay was conceived for Spike (S) protein or Nucleocapsid (N) protein detection using magnetic beads as support of immunological chain and secondary antibody with alkaline phosphatase as immunological label...

The potential to migrate is one of the most fundamental functions for various epithelial, mesenchymal and immune cells. Image analysis of motile cell populations, both primary and cultured, typically reveals an intercellular variability in migration speeds. However, cell migration chromatography, the sorting of large populations of cells based on their migratory characteristics, cannot be easily performed. The lack of such methods has hindered our understanding of the direct correlation between the capacity to migrate and other cellular properties...

Despite scientific evidence proving that inhaled β2 -adrenergic receptor (β2 -AR) agonists can reverse bronchoconstriction in all ages, current guidelines advocate against the use of β2 -AR bronchodilators in infants with viral bronchiolitis because clinical trials have not demonstrated an overall clinical benefit. However, there are many different types of viral bronchiolitis, with variations occurring at an individual and viral level. To discard a potentially helpful treatment from all children regardless of their clinical features may be unwarranted...

Abnormal levels of pyruvate and lactate were reported in multiple sclerosis (MS). We studied the response of markers of mitochondrial function to rehabilitation in relation to type, intensity and endurance performance in severely disabled MS patients. Forty-six progressive MS patients were randomized to receive 12 walking sessions of robot-assisted gait training (RAGT, n = 23) or conventional overground therapy (CT, n = 23). Ten healthy subjects were also studied. Blood samples were collected to determine lactate, pyruvate, and glutathione levels and lactate/pyruvate ratio pre-post rehabilitation...

Controlling measles outbreaks in the country of Georgia and throughout Europe is crucial for achieving the measles elimination goal for the World Health Organization's European Region. However, large-scale measles outbreaks occurred in Georgia during 2013-2015 and 2017-2018. The epidemiology of these outbreaks indicates widespread circulation and genetic diversity of measles viruses and reveals persistent gaps in population immunity across a wide age range that have not been sufficiently addressed thus far...

Vaccine hesitancy has been recognized by the World Health Organization as one of ten threats to public health globally in 2019. Pregnant women constitute an extremely important group for the study of knowledge and attitudes towards pediatric vaccinations. This is a cross-sectional survey conducted in two maternity hospitals in Athens. A standardized questionnaire was used. A total of 814 pregnant women with a mean age of 33.1 years and a mean gestational age of 24.4 weeks were studied. Overall, 717 (89%) of 804 pregnant women reported that they intend to vaccinate their baby in accordance with the National Vaccination Program, 7 (1%) that they do not, while 80 (10%) reported that they have not decided yet...

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, there have been changes in the management of patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. In this study, a review is presented of the characteristics and outcomes of children with primary immune thrombocytopenia in a children's hospital (Hospital Infantil Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain). Moreover, an analysis is made of the changes in the care of these patients diagnosed before and after 2011, when new guidelines were published by the Spanish Society of Paediatric Haematology Oncology (SEHOP)...

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

BACKGROUND: Limited data are available on childhood encephalitis in Latin America. Our study aimed to increase insight on clinical presentation, etiology and outcome of children with acute encephalitis in Costa Rica. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, observational study during an 8-month period at the Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera" in Costa Rica. Case definition was according to "International Encephalitis Consortium" in children <13 years...

PURPOSE: To evaluate overall patient satisfaction, spectacle independence, binocular visual acuity, rotational stability, prevalence of optical phenomena, and decentration and tilt after bilateral toric extended depth-of-focus intraocular lens (EDOF IOL) implantation targeted for micromonovision. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria. DESIGN: Prospective case series. METHODS: The study included 52 eyes of 26 patients with regular corneal astigmatism from 0...

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia (PE) is a frequently occurring multisystemic disease affecting ~5% of pregnancies. PE patients may develop HELLP syndrome (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet), a mother and foetus life-threatening condition. Research into HELLP's genetic origin has been relatively unsuccessful, mainly because normal placental function and blood pressure regulation involve the fine-regulation of hundreds of genes. OBJECTIVE: To identify new genes and mutations constituting potential biomarkers for HELLP syndrome...

OBJECTIVES: More than 90% of the global population live in areas exceeding the PM2.5 air quality guidelines (AQGs). We provide an overview of the ambient PM2.5 -related burden of disease (BoD) studies along with scenario analysis in the framework of the WHO AQG update on the estimated reduction in the BoD if AQGs were achieved globally. METHODS: We reviewed the literature for large-scale studies for the BoD attributed to ambient PM2.5 . Moreover, we used the latest WHO statistics to calculate the BoD at current levels and the scenarios of aligning with interim targets and AQG levels...

Dynamics driving the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) over longer-than-interannual time scales are poorly understood. Here, we compile thermocline temperature records of the Indo-Pacific warm pool over the past 25,000 years, which reveal a major warming in the Early Holocene and a secondary warming in the Middle Holocene. We suggest that the first thermocline warming corresponds to heat transport of southern Pacific shallow overturning circulation driven by June (austral winter) insolation maximum. The second thermocline warming follows equatorial September insolation maximum, which may have caused a steeper west-east upper-ocean thermal gradient and an intensified Walker circulation in the equatorial Pacific...

Solar irradiation is the primary driving force for the Earth's climate system. However, we are still short of powerful tools to study the variability of the Earth's climate due to the solar activity. Here we apply the Liang-Kleeman information flow to quantify the causality from Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) to the global ocean heat content anomaly (OHCA). It reveals that the information flow from TSI to OHCA varies in both time and space. We adapt the method into a multi-scale version which describes the variation of information flow on different timescales...

Acceleration of wound healing can be achieved with the use of wound dressings. Through the electrospinning technique, a polymeric scaffold composed of two layers was processed: a gelatin and polyvinylpyrrolidone layer with gentamicin, and a second layer of cellulose acetate. The conditions for the electrospinning process were standardized for voltage parameters, feed flow and the distance from the injector to the collector. Once the values of the main variables for the electrospinning were optimized, a three-hour processing time was established to allow the separation of the material from the collector...

OBJECTIVES: Although recent evidence suggests that management of viral bronchiolitis requires something other than guidelines-guided therapy, there is a lack of evidence supporting the economic benefits of phenotypic-guided bronchodilator therapy for treating this disease. The aim of the present study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of phenotypic-guided versus guidelines-guided bronchodilator therapy in infants with viral bronchiolitis. METHODS: A decision analysis model was developed to compare the cost-effectiveness of phenotypic-guided versus guidelines-guided bronchodilator therapy in infants with viral bronchiolitis...