Gastric carcinoid

PURPOSE: Type I gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (g-NENs) have a low risk of metastasis and a generally favourable prognosis. Patients with small type I g-NENs (≤10 mm) frequently require no treatment, whereas those with larger polyps usually undergo resection. We evaluated the safety and outcomes of endoscopic surveillance after no initial treatment in selected patients with type I g-NENs. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of type I g-NEN patients across two European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society Centers of Excellence 2003-2019...

Background: Chronic autoimmune gastritis (CAG) refers to chronic atrophic gastritis due to autoimmunity. Loss of gastric glands in CAG results in hypergastrinemia and achlorhydria leading to Vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperplasia of G cells and enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. Vitamin B12 deficiency could cause pernicious anemia and subacute combined degeneration, while G cells and ECL cells hyperplasia might develop gastric neuroendocrine tumor (G-NET). Case Presentation: A 35-year-old Chinese female presented with multi-focal type-1 Grade 2 (G2) NETs with a 14-year history of pernicious anemia and subacute combined degeneration...

Malignant neuroendocrine tumors were diagnosed in the stomach of two out of sixty female Sprague-Dawley rats treated for 89 weeks with a high dose of a novel, small molecule, cannabinoid-1 antagonist. The tumors were associated with parietal cell atrophy accompanied by foveolar hyperplasia of the glandular stomach mucosa. Parietal cell atrophy/foveolar hyperplasia was considered test article related at the high dose, given the higher incidence and severity relative to untreated controls, although the precise mechanism of the parietal cell atrophy was undetermined...

Gastric cancer is a heterogenous group of tumours, and a better understanding of the carcinogenesis and cellular origin of the various sub-types could affect prevention and future treatment. Gastric neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) and adenocarcinomas that develop in the gastric corpus and fundus of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis have atrophic gastritis, hypoacidity, and hypergastrinemia as common risk factors and a shared cellular origin has been suggested. In particular, signet ring cell carcinomas have previously been suggested to be of neuroendocrine origin...

Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms are uncommon tumors with variable differentiation and malignant potential. Three main subtypes are recognized: type 1, related to autoimmune atrophic gastritis; type 2, associated with Zollinger-Ellison and MEN1 syndrome; and type 3, sporadic. Although endoscopy alone is often sufficient for diagnosis and management of small, indolent, multifocal type 1 tumors, imaging is essential for evaluation of larger, high-grade, and type 2 and 3 neoplasms. Hypervascular intraluminal gastric masses are typically seen on CT/MRI, with associated perigastric lymphadenopathy and liver metastases in advanced cases...

Abetted by widespread usage of acid-suppressing proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), the mitogenic actions of the peptide hormone gastrin are being revisited as a recurring theme in various gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. While pathological gastrin levels are intricately linked to hyperplasia of enterochromaffin-like cells leading to carcinoid development, the signaling effects exerted by gastrin on distinct cell types of the gastric mucosa are more nuanced. Indeed, mounting evidence suggests dichotomous roles for gastrin in both promoting and suppressing tumorigenesis...

BACKGROUND: Type I gastric neuroendocrine neoplasia (gNEN) is a rare and low-grade tumor in which the therapeutic strategy is almost always endoscopic. For this reason, the use of radiology or nuclear medicine imaging is not recommended by guidelines. Conversely, in a small number of cases, locoregional or distant metastases may develop, thus suggesting a role for imaging techniques. This retrospective study was performed to explore the usefulness of [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-SST PET/CT in the management of patients with T1gNENs...

Secretin was originally discovered as a gastrointestinal peptide that stimulates fluid secretion from the pancreas and liver and delays gastric emptying. In disease, a secretin receptor (SCTR) was found to occur as a splice variant in gastrinoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Overexpression of SCTR has been described for gastrinomas, carcinoid tumors of the lung and cholangiocarcinoma. SCTR therefore is considered a candidate target for molecular tumor imaging as well as for peptide receptor radioligand therapy (PRRT) in a number of oncological indications...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (g-NENs) are a rare type of stomach cancer. The three main subtypes have different pathogeneses, biological behaviours and clinical characteristics, so they require different management strategies. This article will provide an overview of g-NENs and highlight recent advances in the field. RECENT FINDINGS: Molecular profiling has revealed differences between indolent and aggressive g-NENs, as well as a new somatic mutation responsible for some familial type I g-NENs...

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of patients with type 1 gastric neuroendocrine neoplasia (T1gNENs) treated with different endoscopic approaches. METHODS: Patients were managed with endoscopic surveillance at regular intervals. Resection was performed by forceps or cold snare in tumours < 10 mm, otherwise mucosal resection (EMR) or submucosal dissection (ESD) were done. RESULTS: 127 T1gNENs, detected in 80 patients, were included...

Carcinoid tumors are one of the most common types of small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs). However, SI-NETs that manifest as subacute intestinal obstruction are extremely rare. The annual occurrence rate of jejuno-ileal NETs is 0.28-0.8 per 100,000 people. In this report, we describe a case of subacute intestinal obstruction due to a mid-ileal stricture. The patient underwent laparotomy after evaluation and investigation. Mid-ileal growth was noted, and small bowel resection was performed with primary end-to-end anastomosis...

Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (g-NENs) or neuroendocrine tumors are generally slow-growing tumors with increasing incidence. They arise from enterochromaffin like cells and are divided into four types according to clinical characteristic features. Type 1 and 2 are gastrin dependent, whereas type 3 and 4 are sporadic. The reason for hypergastrinemia is atrophic gastritis in type 1, and gastrin releasing tumor (gastrinoma) in type 2 g-NEN. The diagnosis of g-NENs needs histopathological investigation taken by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy...

RATIONALE: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), a rare autosomal dominant disorder, is characterized by mucocutaneous pigmentations, hamartomatous polyps in the gastrointestinal tract, and a high risk of developing various malignancies. To the best of our knowledge, only 1 case of appendiceal carcinoid associated with PJS has been previously reported in the pediatric population. PATIENT CONCERNS: We report a 7-year-old girl who was admitted for severe, intermittent abdominal pain and cramps, nausea, and vomiting...

Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a chronic immune-mediated, inflammatory condition that involves the destruction of the gastric oxyntic mucosa through the autoimmune-mediated loss of parietal cells, with replacement by atrophic and metaplastic tissue. Diagnosing AIG is important, given the need for ongoing clinical management and vigilance with respect to downstream complications, the most serious of which is gastric adenocarcinoma. Other clinical consequences include gastric neuroendocrine tumors, consequences related to decreased gastric acid and decreased intrinsic factor due to parietal cell destruction and antibodies against intrinsic factor (e...

Three distinct gastric carcinoid (GC) tumour types have been described based on differing biological behaviour and prognoses. Type I GC tumours account for the vast majority (70%-80%), are associated with chronic atrophic gastritis and have a low metastatic potential. Type II carcinoid tumours are the least common (5%-10%), are related to Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and occur in relation to multiple neoplasia type I. Sporadic type III tumours (15%-25%) are the most aggressive type, are unrelated to gastrin over secretion and carry the worst prognosis...

Gastric neuroendocrine tumor (gNET) is a rare carcinoid of the stomach whose incidence is increasing due to widespread use of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE). There are four types of gNETs with different management strategies and prognosis. Here, we present a patient who came with abdomen pain and intermittent melena. UGIE showed a sessile polyp in the stomach. The patient subsequently underwent polypectomy and was symptomatically relieved.

Pineal region metastases are very rare, occurring in 0.4% to 3.8% of patients with solid tumors and most frequently arise from a lung cancer primary tumor. We present a case of a 67-year-old man with a gastric well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (NET) metastatic to the pineal gland identified on 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT imaging followed by MRI confirmation. To our knowledge, this is the third NET case to be reported in the literature with such presentation and first case to be described on 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT...

PURPOSE: Type III gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (g-NENs) have historically been regarded as aggressive tumours, hence current guidelines advocate radical surgery with lymph node dissection. Data on the roles of endoscopic or less extensive surgical resections are more limited. The aim of our study is to evaluate the clinicopathological features and long-term outcomes of patients undergoing endoscopic or limited surgical resection for localised grade 1 or 2 type III g-NENs when compared to radical surgery...

The finding of parasites and bacterial pathogens in mountain gorilla feces and oral lesions in gorilla skeletal remains has not been linked to pathological evidence of morbidity or mortality. In the current study, we conducted a retrospective study of digestive tracts including oral cavity, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines (gastrointestinal tract [GI]), liver, and pancreas of 60 free-ranging mountain gorillas from Uganda, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo that died between 1985 and 2007...

BACKGROUND: Compared to proton pump inhibitors, vonoprazan exerts a greater inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion and is useful for treating acid-related diseases, such as gastro-esophageal reflux disease. However, there is a problem that vonoprazan causes hypergastrinemia, which confers a risk of carcinoid tumor. A previous report demonstrated that pirenzepine, an M1 muscarinic receptor antagonist, enhances the acid inhibitory effects while suppressing hypergastrinemia induced by omeprazole...