Advance radiography

BACKGROUND: Gallbladder cancer is a rare but aggressive malignancy that is often diagnosed at an advanced stage and is associated with poor outcomes. PURPOSE: To develop a radiomics model to discriminate between benign and malignant gallbladder lesions using enhanced computed tomography (CT) imaging. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients had a preoperative contrast-enhanced CT scan, which was independently analyzed by two radiologists. Regions of interest were manually delineated on portal venous phase images, and radiomics features were extracted...

Obtaining diagnostic-quality magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen in critically ill patients can be difficult due to challenges with breath-holding and the inability to follow technologist instructions. Protocols that harness advances in commercially available MRI techniques provide a potential solution, particularly using the golden radial angle sparse parallel (GRASP) technique for dynamic post-contrast T1-weighted imaging. The GRASP technique uses a combination of free-breathing, a stack-of-stars radial acquisition, and compressed sensing reconstruction acquired over several minutes to produce motion-free images at time points defined by the user; these include the non-contrast, arterial, venous, and delayed images, which are typical of abdominal MRI protocols...

For women undergoing mastectomy, breast reconstruction can be performed by using implants or autologous tissue flaps. Mastectomy options include skin- and nipple-sparing techniques. Implant-based reconstruction can be performed with saline or silicone implants. Various autologous pedicled or free tissue flap reconstruction methods based on different tissue donor sites are available. The aesthetic outcomes of implant- and flap-based reconstructions can be improved with oncoplastic surgery, including autologous fat graft placement and nipple-areolar complex reconstruction...

The thin flyer is a small-scale flying object, which is well known as the core functional element of the initiator. Understanding how flyers perform has been a long-standing issue in detonator science. However, it remains a significant challenge to explore how the flyer is formed and functions in the barrel of the initiator via tabletop devices. In this study, we present dynamic and unprecedented images of flyer in barrel via high intensity short-pulse laser. Advanced radiography, coupled with a high-intensity picosecond laser X-ray source, has enabled the provision of state-of-the-art radiographs in a single-shot experiment for observing micron-scale flyer formation in a hollow cylinder in nanoseconds...

BACKGROUND:  Large volumes of data increasing over time lead to a shortage of radiologists' time. The use of systems based on artificial intelligence (AI) offers opportunities to relieve the burden on radiologists. The AI systems are usually optimized for a radiological area. Radiologists must understand the basic features of its technical function in order to be able to assess the weaknesses and possible errors of the system and use the strengths of the system. This "explainability" creates trust in an AI system and shows its limits...

The origin of the cosmic magnetic field remains an unsolved mystery, relying not only on specific dynamo processes but also on the seed field to be amplified. Recently, the diffuse radio emission and Faraday rotation observations reveal that there has been a microgauss-level magnetic field in intracluster medium in the early universe, which places strong constraints on the strength of the initial field and implies the underlying kinetic effects; the commonly believed Biermann battery can only provide extremely weak seed of 10-21 G...

The current radiology landscape has an imbalance between the rising demand for radiology services and the national radiologist workforce available. More vacant radiology positions exist than graduating radiology trainees. The origins of this problem are complex and require long-term solutions. Rather than working longer and/or faster, there are ways for radiologist to work smarter. In this article, we present multiple short-term strategies to increase the effective radiologist workforce and/or increase workforce efficiency, in order to alleviate the current workload challenges...

Background: MRI utility for patients 45 years old and older with hip or knee pain is not well established. Objective: We performed this systematic review to assess whether MRI-diagnosed hip or knee pathology in patients 45 years old and older correlates with symptomatology or benefits from arthroscopic surgery. Evidence Acquisition: A literature search (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase) was performed through October 3, 2022, to identify original research pertaining to the study question. Publication information, study design, cohort size, osteoarthritis severity, age (range, mean), measured outcomes, minimum follow-up length, and MRI field strength were extracted...

PURPOSE: Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) is a widely used non-invasive method for investigating brain anatomical structures. Conventional techniques for estimating fiber orientation distribution (FOD) from dMRI data often neglect voxel-level spatial relationships, leading to ambiguous associations between target voxels and their neighbors, which, in turn, adversely impacts FOD accuracy. This study aims to address this issue by introducing a novel neural network, the neighboring voxel attention mechanism network (NVAM-Net), designed to reconstruct high-quality FOD images...

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has demonstrated impressive performance in medical image segmentation, particularly for low-contrast and small medical objects. However, current DRL-based segmentation methods face limitations due to the optimization of error propagation in two separate stages and the need for a significant amount of labeled data. In this paper, we propose a novel deep generative adversarial reinforcement learning (DGARL) approach that, for the first time, enables end-to-end semi-supervised medical image segmentation in the DRL domain...

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The role of Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is crucial in guiding immunotherapy selection. This study aims to develop and evaluate a radiomic model, leveraging Computed Tomography (CT) imaging, with the objective of predicting PD-L1 expression status in patients afflicted with bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study encompassed 183 subjects diagnosed with histologically confirmed bladder cancer, among which the PD-L1(+) cohort constituted 60...

BACKGROUND: Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, when the disease is incurable. Currently used tumor biomarkers have limited diagnostic value for BTCs, so there is an urgent need for sensitive and specific biomarkers for their earlier diagnosis. Deregulation of the homeostasis of trace elements is involved in the carcinogenesis of different cancers, including BTCs. The objective of the study is to determine/compare the total concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) and the proportions of free Cu and Cu bound to ceruloplasmin (Cp) and the isotopic ratio of 65 Cu/63 Cu in serum samples from healthy volunteers and cancer patients using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry-based methods (ICP-MS)...

INTRODUCTION: The practice of sonography in the United Arab Emirates is evolving rapidly. This study explores the professional landscape and challenges of sonography practice in the United Arab Emirates, focusing on identifying areas for improvement in education, practice scope, and professional development. METHODS: Employing qualitative methodologies, using focus group discussions and thematic analysis, this research gathers insights from practicing sonographers across various healthcare settings in the UAE to assess current practices, educational needs, and workplace challenges...

The new 2023 update of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system for endometrial cancer incorporates the advances made in the understanding of the pathology and molecular classifications into the staging system. While the new staging system aids in precision medicine and may lead to better documentation of prognostic risk categories of endometrial cancer, it is complex and calls for an integrated approach and better communication between multiple disciplines involved in the management of endometrial cancer...

Background  The field of radiology relies on accurate interpretation of medical images for effective diagnosis and patient care. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing have sparked interest in exploring the potential of AI models in assisting radiologists. However, limited research has been conducted to assess the performance of AI models in radiology case interpretation, particularly in comparison to human experts. Objective  This study aimed to evaluate the performance of ChatGPT, Google Bard, and Bing in solving radiology case vignettes (Fellowship of the Royal College of Radiologists 2A [FRCR2A] examination style questions) by comparing their responses to those provided by two radiology residents...

Vascular complications in athletes are common and mimic musculoskeletal injuries such as muscle sprains, fractures, and cartilage abnormalities. They include traumatic vascular injuries and more subtle pathologies like entrapment syndromes, pseudoaneurysms, arterial occlusions, and venous thrombosis. Such vascular complications may be occult on imaging and can be difficult for a musculoskeletal radiologist to diagnose, resulting in a lack of timely diagnosis and potentially limb-threatening consequences. Although the final diagnosis may require multidisciplinary input from orthopaedic, sports and exercise medicine, and vascular and interventional radiology inputs, a musculoskeletal radiologist with prior knowledge of such conditions can be the first to diagnose such conditions aiding the athlete's performance...

Airway management is a vital part of anesthesia practices, intensive care units, and emergency departments, and a proper pre-operative assessment can guide clinicians' plans for securing an airway. Complex airway assessment has recently been at the forefront of anesthesia research, with a substantial increase in annual publications during the last 20 years. In this paper, we provide an extensive overview of the literature connected with pre-operative airway evaluation procedures, ranging from essential bedside physical examinations to advanced imaging techniques such as ultrasound (US), radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)...

(Background) Domiciliary radiology, which originated in pioneering studies in 1958, has transformed healthcare, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, through advancements such as miniaturization and digitization. This evolution, driven by the synergy of advanced technologies and robust data networks, reshapes the intersection of domiciliary radiology and mobile technology in healthcare delivery. (Objective) The objective of this study is to overview the reviews in this field with reference to the last five years to face the state of development and integration of this practice in the health domain...

Postmortem fingerprinting is the fastest and most reliable way to scientifically identify unknown decedents from mass fatality incidents. In disaster victim identification (DVI), fingerprints, DNA, and dental examinations are the three primary methods of identification. Additional secondary identifiers such as comparative medical radiography, scars, marks, and tattoos can also be used if viable antemortem information can be located. As DNA technology continues to evolve, RAPID DNA may now identify a profile within 90 min if the remains are not degraded or comingled...

PURPOSE: Non-invasive methods for predicting pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) can provide distinct leverage in the management of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). This study aimed to investigate whether including the golden-angle radial sparse parallel (GRASP) dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) perfusion parameter (Ktrans ), in addition to tumor regression grading (TRG) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values, can improve the predictive ability for pCR...