keyword
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38405888/functional-dynamics-and-selectivity-of-two-parallel-corticocortical-pathways-from-motor-cortex-to-layer-5-circuits-in-somatosensory-cortex
#21
Hye-Hyun Kim, Kelly E Bonekamp, Grant R Gillie, Dawn M Autio, Tryton Keller, Shane R Crandall
Long-range corticocortical pathways mediate direct interactions between the primary motor cortex (M1) and the somatosensory cortex (S1) and are likely critical for context-dependent sensory processing and sensorimotor integration. In the rodent whisker system, projections from M1 to S1 may be necessary for interpreting touch signals in the context of ongoing movement to drive behavior. However, understanding the function of these interareal interactions requires knowledge about the physiological properties of the synapses themselves and how specific classes of neurons integrate those signals...
February 12, 2024: bioRxiv
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38405710/molecular-signatures-of-cortical-expansion-in-the-human-fetal-brain
#22
G Ball, S Oldham, V Kyriakopoulou, L Z J Williams, V Karolis, A Price, J Hutter, M L Seal, A Alexander-Bloch, J V Hajnal, A D Edwards, E C Robinson, J Seidlitz
The third trimester of human gestation is characterised by rapid increases in brain volume and cortical surface area. A growing catalogue of cells in the prenatal brain has revealed remarkable molecular diversity across cortical areas. 1,2 Despite this, little is known about how this translates into the patterns of differential cortical expansion observed in humans during the latter stages of gestation. Here we present a new resource, μBrain, to facilitate knowledge translation between molecular and anatomical descriptions of the prenatal developing brain...
February 13, 2024: bioRxiv
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38391920/tracking-of-internal-granular-progenitors-responding-to-valproic-acid-in-the-cerebellar-cortex-of-infant-ferrets
#23
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Shiori Kamiya, Tetsuya Kobayashi, Kazuhiko Sawada
Internal granular progenitors (IGPs) in the developing cerebellar cortex of ferrets differentiate towards neural and glial lineages. The present study tracked IGPs that proliferated in response to valproic acid (VPA) to determine their fate during cerebellar cortical histogenesis. Ferret kits were used to administer VPA (200 μg/g body weight) on postnatal days 6 and 7. EdU and BrdU were injected on postnatal days 5 and 7, respectively, to label the post-proliferative and proliferating cells when exposed to VPA...
February 7, 2024: Cells
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38383496/smarca4-loss-and-mutated-%C3%AE-catenin-induce-proliferative-lesions-in-the-murine-embryonic-cerebellum
#24
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Carolin Göbel, Melanie Schoof, Dörthe Holdhof, Michael Spohn, Ulrich Schüller
Almost all medulloblastomas (MB) of the Wingless/Int-1 (WNT) type are characterized by hotspot mutations in CTNNB1, and mouse models have convincingly demonstrated the tumor-initiating role of these mutations. Additional alterations in SMARCA4 are detected in around 20% of WNT MB, but their functional role is mostly unknown. We therefore amended previously described Blbp-cre::Ctnnb1(ex3)fl/wt mice by the introduction of floxed Smarca4 alleles. Unexpectedly, mutated and thereby stabilized β-catenin on its own induced severe developmental phenotypes in male and female Blbp-cre::Ctnnb1(ex3)fl/wt mice in our hands, including a thinned cerebral cortex, hydrocephalus, missing cerebellar layering, and cell accumulations in the brain stem and cerebellum...
February 21, 2024: Journal of Neuroscience
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38370814/crypt-and-villus-enterochromaffin-cells-are-distinct-stress-sensors-in-the-gut
#25
Kouki K Touhara, Nathan D Rossen, Fei Deng, Tifany Chu, Onur Cil, Yulong Li, David Julius
The crypt-villus structure of the small intestine serves as an essential protective barrier, with its integrity monitored by the gut's sensory system. Enterochromaffin (EC) cells, a subtype of sensory epithelial cells that release serotonin (5-HT), surveil the mucosal environment and signal both within and outside the gut. However, it remains unclear whether EC cells in intestinal crypts and villi respond to different stimuli and elicit distinct responses. In this study, we introduce a new reporter mouse model to observe the release and propagation of serotonin in live intestines...
February 8, 2024: bioRxiv
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38368460/common-mitochondrial-deletions-in-rna-seq-evaluation-of-bulk-single-cell-and-spatial-transcriptomic-datasets
#26
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Audrey A Omidsalar, Carmel G McCullough, Lili Xu, Stanley Boedijono, Daniel Gerke, Michelle G Webb, Zarko Manojlovic, Adolfo Sequeira, Mark F Lew, Marco Santorelli, Geidy E Serrano, Thomas G Beach, Agenor Limon, Marquis P Vawter, Brooke E Hjelm
Common mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions are large structural variants in the mitochondrial genome that accumulate in metabolically active tissues with age and have been investigated in various diseases. We applied the Splice-Break2 pipeline (designed for high-throughput quantification of mtDNA deletions) to human RNA-Seq datasets and describe the methodological considerations for evaluating common deletions in bulk, single-cell, and spatial transcriptomics datasets. A robust evaluation of 1570 samples from 14 RNA-Seq studies showed: (i) the abundance of some common deletions detected in PCR-amplified mtDNA correlates with levels observed in RNA-Seq data; (ii) RNA-Seq library preparation method has a strong effect on deletion detection; (iii) deletions had a significant, positive correlation with age in brain and muscle; (iv) deletions were enriched in cortical grey matter, specifically in layers 3 and 5; and (v) brain regions with dopaminergic neurons (i...
February 17, 2024: Communications Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38365905/serotonin-modulates-excitatory-synapse-maturation-in-the-developing-prefrontal-cortex
#27
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Roberto Ogelman, Luis E Gomez Wulschner, Victoria M Hoelscher, In-Wook Hwang, Victoria N Chang, Won Chan Oh
Serotonin (5-HT) imbalances in the developing prefrontal cortex (PFC) are linked to long-term behavioral deficits. However, the synaptic mechanisms underlying 5-HT-mediated PFC development are unknown. We found that chemogenetic suppression and enhancement of 5-HT release in the PFC during the first two postnatal weeks decreased and increased the density and strength of excitatory spine synapses, respectively, on prefrontal layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in mice. 5-HT release on single spines induced structural and functional long-term potentiation (LTP), requiring both 5-HT2A and 5-HT7 receptor signals, in a glutamatergic activity-independent manner...
February 16, 2024: Nature Communications
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38358314/personalized-depth-specific-neuromodulation-of-the-human-primary-motor-cortex-via-ultrasound
#28
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Shancheng Bao, Hakjoo Kim, Nandan B Shettigar, Yue Li, Yuming Lei
Non-invasive brain stimulation has the potential to boost neuronal plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1), but it remains unclear whether the stimulation of both superficial and deep layers of the human motor cortex can effectively promote M1 plasticity. Here, we leveraged transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) to precisely target M1 circuits at depths of approximately 5 mm and 16 mm from the cortical surface. Initially, we generated computed tomography images from each participant's individual anatomical magnetic resonance images (MRI), which allowed for the generation of accurate acoustic simulations...
February 15, 2024: Journal of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38338930/cxcl14-as-a-key-regulator-of-neuronal-development-insights-from-its-receptor-and-multi-omics-analysis
#29
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yinjie Zhang, Yue Jin, Jingjing Li, Yan Yan, Ting Wang, Xuanlin Wang, Zhenyu Li, Xuemei Qin
CXCL14 is not only involved in the immune process but is also closely related to neurodevelopment according to its molecular evolution. However, what role it plays in neurodevelopment remains unclear. In the present research, we found that, by crossbreeding CXCL14+/- and CXCL14-/- mice, the number of CXCL14-/- mice in their offspring was lower than the Mendelian frequency; CXCL14-/- mice had significantly fewer neurons in the external pyramidal layer of cortex than CXCL14+/- mice; and CXCL14 may be involved in synaptic plasticity, neuron projection, and chemical synaptic transmission based on analysis of human clinical transcriptome data...
January 29, 2024: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38337032/digital-design-of-a-spatial-pow-stdp-learning-block-with-high-accuracy-utilizing-pow-cordic-for-large-scale-image-classifier-spatiotemporal-snn
#30
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Mohammad Kazem Bahrami, Soheila Nazari
The paramount concern of highly accurate energy-efficient computing in machines with significant cognitive capabilities aims to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of bio-inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs). This paper addresses this main objective by introducing a novel spatial power spike-timing-dependent plasticity (Spatial-Pow-STDP) learning rule as a digital block with high accuracy in a bio-inspired SNN model. Motivated by the demand for precise and accelerated computation that reduces high-cost resources in neural network applications, this paper presents a methodology based on COordinate Rotation DIgital Computer (CORDIC) definitions...
February 9, 2024: Scientific Reports
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38328147/electrically-silent-kvs-subunits-associate-with-native-kv2-channels-in-brain-and-impact-diverse-properties-of-channel-function
#31
Michael Ferns, Deborah van der List, Nicholas C Vierra, Taylor Lacey, Karl Murray, Michael Kirmiz, Robert G Stewart, Jon T Sack, James S Trimmer
Voltage-gated K + channels of the Kv2 family are highly expressed in brain and play dual roles in regulating neuronal excitability and in organizing endoplasmic reticulum - plasma membrane (ER- PM) junctions. Studies in heterologous cells suggest that the two pore-forming alpha subunits Kv2.1 and Kv2.2 assemble with "electrically silent" KvS subunits to form heterotetrameric channels with distinct biophysical properties. Here, using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we identified five KvS subunits as components of native Kv2...
January 25, 2024: bioRxiv
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38328140/vagus-nerve-stimulation-vns-modulates-synaptic-plasticity-in-the-rat-infralimbic-cortex-via-trk-b-receptor-activation-to-reduce-drug-seeking
#32
Christopher M Driskill, Jessica E Childs, Aarron J Phensy, Sierra R Rodriguez, John T O'Brien, Kathy L Lindquist, Aurian Naderi, Bogdan Bordieanu, Jacqueline F McGinty, Sven Kroener
UNLABELLED: Drugs of abuse cause changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and associated regions that impair inhibitory control over drug-seeking. Breaking the contingencies between drug-associated cues and the delivery of the reward during extinction learning reduces relapse. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has previously been shown to enhance extinction learning and reduce drug-seeking. Here we determined the effects of VNS-mediated release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on extinction and cue-induced reinstatement in rats trained to self-administer cocaine...
January 26, 2024: bioRxiv
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38317261/outer-layer-of-vb-neurons-in-medial-entorhinal-cortex-project-to-hippocampal-dentate-gyrus-in-mice
#33
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Naoki Yamamoto, Jun Yokose, Kritika Ramesh, Takashi Kitamura, Sachie K Ogawa
Entorhinal cortical (EC)-hippocampal (HPC) circuits are crucial for learning and memory. Although it was traditionally believed that superficial layers (II/III) of the EC mainly project to the HPC and deep layers (V/VI) receive input from the HPC, recent studies have highlighted the significant projections from layers Va and VI of the EC into the HPC. However, it still remains unknown whether Vb neurons in the EC provide projections to the hippocampus. In this study, using a molecular marker for Vb and retrograde tracers, we identified that the outer layer of Vb neurons in the medial EC (MEC) directly project to both dorsal and ventral hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), with a significant preference for the ventral DG...
February 5, 2024: Molecular Brain
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38315050/novel-three-dimensional-artificial-neural-network-based-on-an-eight-layer-vertical-memristor-with-an-ultrahigh-rectify-ratio-10-7-and-an-ultrahigh-nonlinearity-10-5-for-neuromorphic-computing
#34
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Chen Lu, Jialin Meng, Jiajie Yu, Jieru Song, Tianyu Wang, Hao Zhu, Qing-Qing Sun, David Wei Zhang, Lin Chen
In recent years, memristors have successfully demonstrated their significant potential in artificial neural networks (ANNs) and neuromorphic computing. Nonetheless, ANNs constructed by crossbar arrays suffer from cross-talk issues and low integration densities. Here, we propose an eight-layer three-dimensional (3D) vertical crossbar memristor with an ultrahigh rectify ratio (RR > 107 ) and an ultrahigh nonlinearity (>105 ) to overcome these limitations, which enables it to reach a >1 Tb array size without reading failure...
February 5, 2024: Nano Letters
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38310185/intersectional-strategy-to-study-cortical-inhibitory-parvalbumin-expressing-interneurons
#35
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Rebeka Palicz, Bettina Pater, Pavel Truschow, Mirko Witte, Jochen F Staiger
Parvalbumin-expressing (PV) interneurons are key neuronal elements to a global excitatory-inhibitory balance in normal cortical functioning. To better understand the circuit functions of PV interneurons, reliable animal models are needed. This study investigated the sensitivity and specificity of the most frequently used PV-Cre/tdTomato mouse line in this regard. The colocalization of the transgene (tdTomato) with the parvalbumin protein, with GAD1 (a conclusive inhibitory cell marker) and Vglut1 (a conclusive excitatory cell marker) as well as with a marker for perineuronal nets (WFA) was assessed and a substantial proportion of layer 5 PV neurons was found to be excitatory and not inhibitory in the PV-Cre/tdTomato mouse...
February 3, 2024: Scientific Reports
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38307971/triple-dissociation-of-visual-auditory-and-motor-processing-in-mouse-primary-visual-cortex
#36
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Matthijs N Oude Lohuis, Pietro Marchesi, Umberto Olcese, Cyriel M A Pennartz
Primary sensory cortices respond to crossmodal stimuli-for example, auditory responses are found in primary visual cortex (V1). However, it remains unclear whether these responses reflect sensory inputs or behavioral modulation through sound-evoked body movement. We address this controversy by showing that sound-evoked activity in V1 of awake mice can be dissociated into auditory and behavioral components with distinct spatiotemporal profiles. The auditory component began at approximately 27 ms, was found in superficial and deep layers and originated from auditory cortex...
February 2, 2024: Nature Neuroscience
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38304999/agmatine-ameliorates-valproic-acid-induced-depletion-of-parvalbumin-positive-neuron
#37
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Khadijeh Mirzaee Khoram-Abadi, Mohsen Basiri, Mozhdeh Nemati, Masoumeh Nozari
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a widespread neurodevelopmental disorder with unknown etiology. Dysfunction of several brain areas including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, and cerebellum is involved in cognitive and behavioral deficits associated with ASD. Several studies have reported a reduction in the number of parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PV+ ) neurons in brain areas of ASD patients and animal models such as a shank mutant mouse model and rodents receiving fetal valproic acid (VPA) administration...
February 2, 2024: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38295544/ephb2-promotes-enteric-nitrergic-hyperinnervation-and-neurogenic-inflammation-in-dss-induced-chronic-colitis-in-mice
#38
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yuhua Chen, Chao Huang, Fan Du, Zhuanglong Xiao, Wei Qian, Tao Bai, Jun Song, Yuhu Song, Xiaohua Hou, Lei Zhang
BACKGROUND: Enteric nervous system (ENS) has been closely associated with the neuro-immune response and is currently considered a reliable target for intestinal inflammation. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) nerves are involved in inflammatory diseases by releasing nitric oxide (NO). EphB2 expression and density of innervation of the mucosal layer are positively correlated with the severity of intestinal inflammatory responses. In this study, we hypothesized that a EphB2-mediated mechanism may regulate enteric immunity through modulation of nNOS nerves...
January 30, 2024: International Immunopharmacology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38294642/neurotransmitter-norepinephrine-regulates-chromatosomes-aggregation-and-the-formation-of-blotches-in-coral-trout-plectropomus-leopardus
#39
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Nannan Zhao, Ke Jiang, Xiaoyu Ge, Jing Huang, Caiming Wu, Shi Xi Chen
Color changes and pattern formations can represent strategies of the utmost importance for the survival of individuals or of species. Previous studies have associated capture with the formation of blotches (areas with light color) of coral trout, but the regulatory mechanisms link the two are lacking. Here, we report that capture induced blotches formation within 4-5 seconds. The blotches disappeared after anesthesia dispersed the pigment cells and reappeared after electrical stimulation. Subsequently, combining immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy and chemical sympathectomy, we found blotches formation results from activation of catecholaminergic neurons below the pigment layer...
January 31, 2024: Fish Physiology and Biochemistry
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38274201/machine-learning-classification-of-cellular-states-based-on-the-impedance-features-derived-from-microfluidic-single-cell-impedance-flow-cytometry
#40
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jian Wei, Wenbing Gao, Xinlong Yang, Zhuotong Yu, Fei Su, Chengwu Han, Xiaoxing Xing
Mitosis is a crucial biological process where a parental cell undergoes precisely controlled functional phases and divides into two daughter cells. Some drugs can inhibit cell mitosis, for instance, the anti-cancer drugs interacting with the tumor cell proliferation and leading to mitosis arrest at a specific phase or cell death eventually. Combining machine learning with microfluidic impedance flow cytometry (IFC) offers a concise way for label-free and high-throughput classification of drug-treated cells at single-cell level...
January 2024: Biomicrofluidics
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