Double vision, vertigo, blurred vision,

The sixth cranial nerve, also known as the abducens nerve, is responsible for controlling the movements of the lateral rectus muscle. Palsies on the sixth nerve prevent some muscles that control eye movements from proper functioning, causing headaches, migraines, blurred vision, vertigo, and double vision. Hence, such palsy should be diagnosed in the early stages to treat it without leaving any sequela. The usual methods for diagnosing the sixth nerve palsy are invasive or depend on expensive equipment, and computer-based methods designed specifically to diagnose the aforementioned palsy were not found until the publication of this work...

Nystagmus is defined as rhythmic, most often involuntary eye movements. It normally consists of a slow (pathological) drift of the eyes, followed by a fast central compensatory movement back to the primary position (refixation saccade). The direction, however, is reported according to the fast phase. The cardinal symptoms are, on the one hand, blurred vision, jumping images (oscillopsia), reduced visual acuity and, sometimes, double vision; many of these symptoms depend on the eye position. On the other hand, depending on the etiology, patients may suffer from the following symptoms: 1...

BACKGROUND: This is an updated version of the Cochrane review published in 2015. Around half of people with epilepsy will not achieve seizure freedom on their first antiepileptic drug; many will require add-on therapy. Around a third of people fail to achieve complete seizure freedom despite multiple antiepileptic drugs. Lacosamide has been licenced as an add-on therapy for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of lacosamide as an add-on therapy for children and adults with drug-resistant focal epilepsy...

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the tolerability and safety profile of eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL). METHODS: Placebo controlled, double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were enrolled by searching Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Online Library, and clinicaltrial.gov. Studies evaluating the safety of ESL on any neurological disorders were included. Adverse events (AEs), serious AEs and AEs-related withdrawals were pooled by direct or indirect meta-analysis...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the effects of concomitant lamotrigine (LTG) or carbamazepine (CBZ) on the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) in patients taking adjunctive eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) for focal (partial-onset) seizures (FS). METHODS: These post-hoc analyses of data pooled from three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of adjunctive ESL (BIA-2093-301, -302 and -304) included adults (≥16 years) with FS refractory to 1-3 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)...

BACKGROUND: Double-door laminoplasty is an effective method in treating patients with cervical spondylosis. Many patients with cervical spondylosis experience a set of atypical symptoms such as vertigo and tinnitus, and wish to know if the surgical treatment for cervical spondylosis can also alleviate those symptoms. The current research was carried out to investigate if atypical symptoms can be alleviated in patients who received laminoplasty for the treatment of cervical spondylosis...

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic procedures for children and adults already provide many advantages in two-dimensional (2D) vision. Only limited experiences exist for laparoscopic three-dimensional (3D) procedures in vivo. The aim of this prospective trial was to identify indications and limitations of the 3D-system in laparoscopic minimally invasive procedures in children and adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective quality assurance for laparoscopic 3D evaluation in children and adults, a total of 53 consecutive patients (22 children, 31 adults) were included...

This study aimed to investigate the clinical and cognitive side effects of baclofen (10 mg), meclizine (25 mg), dimenhydrinate (40 mg) plus cinnarizine (25 mg) and promethazine (25 mg) plus d-amphetamine (10 mg). The study had a double-blind, placebo controlled, repeated measures design and was conducted on healthy male volunteers. The psychomotor vigilance test, the Sternberg working memory task, the implicit memory test and the automated Operation Span (Ospan) task were performed. The Stanford, the Karolinska and the Epworth Sleepiness scale determined the degree of sleepiness...

OBJECTIVE: Some patients with epilepsy require treatment with >1 adjunctive antiepileptic drug (AED) to achieve adequate seizure remission. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adding adjunctive pregabalin to an AED regimen that included levetiracetam in patients with refractory partial-onset epilepsy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data from the pregabalin and placebo arms of two placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized studies of pregabalin in patients who received adjunctive treatment with levetiracetam in addition to ≥1 other AEDs were pooled for this post hoc analysis...

PURPOSE: Despite the widespread use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) across different neurologic and psychiatric disorders, no study has systematically reviewed all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of a given AED to fully uncover its tolerability profile. We aimed at identifying treatment emergent adverse events (AEs) associated with pregabalin through a systematic review and meta-analysis of all available RCTs. We also assessed the association between serious AEs and pregabalin, and investigated whether pregabalin AEs display a dose-response relationship...

Patients with oculomotor, trochlear, or abducens nerve palsies mainly complain of binocular double vision, but sometimes merely of blurred vision or vertigo. The clinical signs comprise strabismus, pathologic head posture, and disturbed saccades. The characteristic motility deficits are picked up by measuring the strabismic angles at different directions of gaze. Documentation of all three spatial strabismic components is advantageous. Nonparetic strabismus and orbital diseases are important differential diagnoses...

PURPOSE: Carteolol is a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Used topically to reduce intraocular pressure, it is typically applied twice daily. In an effort to provide a once-daily dosing regimen, carteolol was formulated with 1% alginic acid. Sodium alginate is a natural polymer product with bioadhesive properties providing increased corneal contact time and a better carteolol penetration through the cornea. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of long-acting 1% carteolol alginate solution compared to standard 1% carteolol solution...

In 1978, Hoffman and Brookler published an article in The Laryngoscope to challenge prevailing views on the lack of diagnostic power of certain symptoms often reported by patients to neuro-otologists. Some of these 'under-rated neuro-otological symptoms' include complaints of non-rotational dizziness, blurred and double vision, and the development of visual motion hypersensitivity in patients with balance disorders. In this review, I revisit these visual symptoms in the light of new findings from our laboratory...

1. The two major classifications of stroke are ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic strokes account for 75% of all strokes and result from the complete occlusion of an artery. Hemorrhagic strokes, often caused by aneurysm or hypertension, are caused by the rupture of a cerebral blood vessel and bleeding into the surrounding tissue. 2. The signs and symptoms of stroke may include unilateral weakness or paralysis, a sagging of one side of the face, double or blurred vision, vertigo, numbness or tingling, and language disturbances...

We examined if patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with i.v. morphine provided comparable postoperative analgesia after hysterectomy as extradural morphine, without increasing the incidence of side effects. The study (n = 40) was randomized and double-blind. An extradural catheter was inserted before surgery and anaesthesia was standardized. The extradural group received extradural morphine 0.06 mg kg-1 by the end of surgery and a second dose 6 h later. The i.v. group received an i.v. infusion of morphine 0...

The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, side effects, and dosage of amoxapine are reviewed. Amoxapine is a tricyclic dibenzoxazepine antidepressant that is chemically similar to the antipsychotic agent loxapine. In animal tests, amoxapine and its metabolites block reuptake of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, with little effect on serotonin. It is rapidly and virtually completely absorbed when administered orally; peak serum concentrations occur one to two hours after ingestion. Amoxapine is widely distributed throughout body tissues and is 90% bound to serum proteins...

A double-blind trial has been carried out to compare the effects of monobutazone and phenylbutazone in ambulant outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis.One patient developed urticaria, vertigo, weakness, tinnitus and blurred vision during monobutazone administration.Side effects occurring in other patients were for the most part trivial.Untoward symptoms were less frequent in patients taking monobutazone than among those on phenylbutazone.The subjects showed neither improvement nor deterioration during administration of ASA, monophenylbutazone or phenylbutazone...

Transdermal scopolamine medication has been evaluated in 30 cases of acute peripheral vertigo. The double blind study revealed favourable effects, e.g. in Menière's disease. The best compromise between effect and side-effects was one active medication patch. The side-effects were those described for scopolamine, such as blurred vision and dryness of the mouth. Transdermal scopolamine seems to offer an alternative form of medication in acute peripheral vertigo.

While the cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unknown, recent evidence suggests that certain external factors, ie, environmental agents, may act as neurotoxins, initiating the chain of oxidative reactions that ultimately destroy neurons in the substantia nigra. Young-onset PD might result from greater exposure to a putative neurotoxin. This hypothesis has rekindled interest in the epidemiology of PD. We therefore conducted a detailed analysis of various environmental exposures and early life experiences in 80 patients with old-onset PD (at an age older than 60 years), 69 young-onset patients (younger than 40 years), and 149 age- and sex-matched control subjects...