Psychiatric diagnostics

Since the publication of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) , identity impairment has become a diagnostic criterion for all personality disorders. The current study examined the occurrence of identity dimensions, clinically relevant identity impairments and personality pathology, and associations between these constructs in 92 forensic patients and 139 healthy controls. Patients showed higher levels of almost all identity dimensions, identity impairments, personality disorders, and almost all maladaptive personality traits than controls...

Major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder are three major psychiatric disorders that significantly impact the well-being and overall health of patients. Some researches indicate that abnormalities in the gut microbiota can trigger certain psychiatric diseases. Microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles have the ability to transfer bioactive compounds into host cells, altering signaling and biological processes, ultimately influencing the mental health and illness of the host. This review aims to investigate the emerging roles of microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles in these three major psychiatric disorders and discusses their roles as diagnostic biomarkers and therapies for these psychiatric disorders...

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is an auto-immune disorder often presenting with non-specific and heterogeneous neuropsychiatric symptoms at onset. This complicates a quick and accurate diagnosis. However, a tardy diagnosis has a negative impact on morbidity and mortality. We report about a patient with the clinical presentation of a psychotic depression, who was diagnosed with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis only after a thorough diagnostic work-up. Neurological symptoms were wrongly attributed to the psychiatric syndrome or considered as side-effects of its treatment...

OBJECTIVES: Individuals with bipolar disorders (BD) have heterogenic pre-onset illness courses and responses to treatment. The pattern of illness preceding the diagnosis of BD may be a marker of future treatment response. Here, we examined associations between psychiatric morbidity preceding the diagnosis of BD and pharmacological treatment patterns in the 2 years following diagnosis. METHODS: In this register-based study, we included all patients with a diagnosis of BD attending Danish Psychiatric Services between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2016...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the reliability and validity of a newly developed computerized Automated Battery of Cognitive Tests in healthy individuals without cognitive impairments or psychiatric disorders. METHODS: From April 20 to July 1, 2023, 142 healthy individuals in Beijing and Tangshan, China were assessed using the Automated Battery of Cognitive Tests. After a 3-week interval, 36 participants were randomly selected for retesting. The assessment also included administration of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status and the Automated Battery of Cognitive Tests to 59 participants...

BACKGROUND: After COVID-19 restrictions were lifted, people started to travel again. Each year, thousands of Poles travel internationally, and many travel to tropical or subtropical destinations in Asia, Africa or South America. The aim of this article was to describe the characteristics of Polish travellers based on the information from a retrospective 12-month review of the medical records of Polish patients seeking pre-travel advice at the largest diagnostic and treatment travel medicine centre in Poland in 2023...

BACKGROUND: People with severe mental illness, such as schizophrenia-spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder, face poorer health outcomes from multiple chronic illnesses. Physical multimorbidity, the coexistence of two or more chronic physical conditions, and psychiatric multimorbidity, the coexistence of three or more psychiatric disorders, are both emerging concepts useful in conceptualising disease burden. However, the prevalence of physical and psychiatric multimorbidity in this cohort is unknown...

In clinical practice, depression and anxiety frequently coexist, and they are both comorbid with somatic diseases. The P2X7R is an adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-gated non-selective cation channel that is widely expressed in immune-related cells. Under conditions of stress, chronic pain, and comorbid chronic physical illness, P2X7R activation in glial cells leads to neuroinflammation. This could contribute to the development of anxiety and depression-related emotional disturbances. Previous studies have shown that the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of both anxiety and depression...

This paper deals with the history and epistemology of acute polymorphic psychosis. We undertook a comparative study of short-lived psychotic disorders used in different European countries since the late nineteenth century. The theory of degeneration offered a speculative basis to conceptualization of conditions such as bouffée délirante , cycloid psychosis and reactive psychosis, but it seems likely that different factors contributed to the profusion of clinical concepts with adverse effects on both nomenclature and classification...

In the field of medical aesthetics and plastic surgery, it is not uncommon to interact with clients who never seem to be satisfied, regardless of the success of an intervention. Medical professionals may attribute this to the patient having an overly critical nature; however, this continual dissatisfaction could also be the result of a mental health disorder known as body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) that is significantly underdiagnosed and prevalent within the plastic surgery and aesthetic patient population...

BACKGROUND: The DSM Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure (DSM-XC) allows for assessing multiple psychopathological domains. However, its capability to screen for mental disorders in a population-based sample and the impact of adverbial framings (intensity and frequency) on its performance are unknown. METHODS: The study was based on cross-sectional data from the 1993 Pelotas birth cohort in Brazil. Participants with completed DSM-XC and structured diagnostic interviews ( n = 3578, aged 22, 53...

BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with diagnostic criteria requiring symptoms to begin in childhood. We investigated whether individuals diagnosed as children differ from those diagnosed in adulthood with respect to shared and unique architecture at the genome-wide and gene expression level of analysis. METHODS: We used genomic structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate differences in genetic correlations ( r g ) of childhood-diagnosed ( n cases  = 14,878) and adulthood-diagnosed ( n cases  = 6961) ADHD with 98 behavioral, psychiatric, cognitive, and health outcomes...

Psychological characterization of patients affected by Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) focuses on comorbidity with psychiatric disorders, somatization or alexithymia. Whereas IBD patients had higher risk of stable anxiety and depression for many years after the diagnosis of the disease, there is a lack of studies reporting a comprehensive psychosomatic assessment addressing factors of disease vulnerability, also in the long-term. The objective of this investigation is to fill this gap in the current literature...

In much contemporary psychiatric training and practice, there is a strong emphasis on the audible or perceptual quality and externality of auditory verbal hallucinations in clinical assessments. A typical question during clinical assessment is asking whether the voices that a person hears sound identical to the way the clinician's voice is heard. In this Personal View, we argue that the most important factor in auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia spectrum psychoses is a loss of first-person authority, and that a perceptual quality is not required for it to be this kind of hallucination...

Psychiatric disorders are associated with serve disturbances in cognition, emotional control, and/or behavior regulation, yet few routine clinical tools are available for the real-time evaluation and early-stage diagnosis of mental health. Abnormal levels of relevant biomarkers may imply biological, neurological, and developmental dysfunctions of psychiatric patients. Exploring biosensors that can provide rapid, in-situ, and real-time monitoring of psychiatric biomarkers is therefore vital for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of mental disorders...

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are the most costly and prevalent psychiatric conditions. Recent calls emphasize a need for biomarkers-measurable, stable indicators of normal and abnormal processes and response to treatment or environmental agents-and, in particular, brain-based neuromarkers that will advance understanding of the neurobiological basis of SUDs and clinical practice. To develop neuromarkers, researchers must be grounded in evidence that a putative marker (i) is sensitive and specific to the psychological phenomenon of interest, (ii) constitutes a predictive model, and (iii) generalizes to novel observations (e...

Evaluating the rehabilitation status of individuals with serious mental illnesses (SMI) necessitates a comprehensive analysis of multimodal data, including unstructured text records and structured diagnostic data. However, progress in the effective assessment of rehabilitation status remains limited. Our study develops a deep learning model integrating Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) and TabNet through a late fusion strategy to enhance rehabilitation prediction, including referral risk, dangerous behaviors, self-awareness, and medication adherence, in patients with SMI...

Cognitive impairment remains understudied in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), despite the high prevalence and substantial burden associated with this disorder. We aimed to assess cognitive impairment in patients with GAD and evaluate the ability of cognitive tests to detect this disorder. Because of its high rate of comorbidity, we also examined how other anxiety disorders and current major depressive episodes affected our results. We tested 263 consecutive general practice outpatients. We used the GAD-7 and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) to detect anxiety and mood disorders...

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation hold promise for inducing brain plasticity. However, their limited precision may hamper certain applications. In contrast, Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (TUS), known for its precision and deep brain targeting capabilities, requires further investigation to establish its efficacy in producing enduring effects for treating neurological and psychiatric disorders...

BACKGROUND: Considering the impact of psychiatric disorders on the productivity of individuals and society's economy, we aimed to determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among the employees of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1282 employees of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2019. The required data were collected by trained psychologists using Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)...