S100beta

OBJECTIVE: Postoperative delirium (POD) has become a critical challenge with severe consequences and increased incidences as the global population ages. However, the underlying mechanism is yet unknown. Our study aimed to explore the changes in metabolites in three specific brain regions and saliva of older mice with postoperative delirium behavior and to identify potential non-invasive biomarkers. METHODS: Eighteen-month-old male C57/BL6 mice were randomly assigned to the anesthesia/surgery or control group...

The prevalence of neurocognitive impairment in people living with HIV is estimated between 30 and 50%. The pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders is complex and multifactorial. Aim of the study was to measure the change in CSF biomarkers, Fibroscan and IMT measurements in PLWH with HAND randomized to a less neurotoxic regimen, or continuing their treatment. Adult patients with HAND were screened and enrolled if presenting no major resistance associated mutations, no HIV viral replication, not on efavirenz or darunavir, with R5-tropic HIV and without major confounding conditions...

BACKGROUND: Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CI/R) injury is induction of blood flow restoration after an ischemic stroke. Gentiopicroside (GPC) is the principal active secoiridoid glycoside of Gentiana Manshurica Kitagawa . This research aimed to illuminate the function of GPC and its mechanism in CI/R injury. METHODS: After CI/R injury models were constructed, GPC (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg) was then administered by gavage to rats. Rats were grouped into Sham, CI/R, CI/R+25 mg/kg GPC, CI/R+50 mg/kg GPC, and CI/R+100 mg/kg GPC...

BACKGROUND: Astrocytes play an essential role in the normal functioning of the nervous system and are active contributors to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, to comprehend the astrocytes and amyloid plaques relationship there is a need for imaging techniques providing simultaneous visualization of astrocytes using fluorescence and amyloid plaques revealed by transmitted light microscopy. NEW METHOD: The possibility of simultaneous detection of astrocytes by immunocytochemistry (fluorescent) and amyloid plaques by cytochemical Alcian Blue (transparent) using confocal microscopy in 8-month-old 5хFAD mice samples shown...

BACKGROUND: Ischemic brain injury is a major hurdle that limits the survival of resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). METHODS: The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility and potential for reduction of ischemic brain injury in adult OHCA patients treated with high- or low-dose Neu2000K, a selective blocker of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type 2B receptor and also a free radical scavenger, or given placebo. This study is a phase II, multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, prospective, intention-to-treat, placebo-controlled, three-armed, safety and efficacy clinical trial...

BACKGROUND: Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is an important disease leading to morbidity, disability and mortality that primarily affects children and immune-depressed patients. Specific neuromarkers predicting outcomes, severity and inflammatory response are still lacking. In recent years an increasing number of evidences show a possible role for infective agents in developing neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS: We retrospectively included 13 HIV-negative patients presenting with TBM and we compared them with two control groups: one of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of AD, and one of those with syphilis where lumbar punctures excluded central nervous system involvement...

INTRODUCTION: Neuroglial functions may be deteriorated in major depressive disorder (MDD). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the markers of glial and neuronal cell turnover and to explore their associations with brain metabolites. METHODS: In 10 participants with MDD and 10 healthy controls (HC) we investigated neuronal and glial plasma markers (the neuron-specific enolase, NSE; and S100beta, S100B) and brain metabolites (N-acetyl aspartate, NAA; total choline, Cho; and total creatine, Cr)...

BACKGROUND: The potential risk for cognitive impairment following surgery and anesthesia is a common concern, especially in the elderly and more fragile patients. The risk for various neurocognitive effects is thus an area of importance. The independent impact of surgery and anesthesia is still not known. Likewise, the independent effect of different drugs used during anesthesia is a matter of debate, as is the number and amounts of drugs used and the "depth of anesthesia." So, understanding the drug-related phenomenon and mechanisms for postoperative cognitive impairment is essential...

In the tumor microenvironment, soluble molecules play important role in the establishment of a pre-metastatic niche. The S100 calcium-binding protein family are inflammatory molecules that contribute to the development of a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment. S100B belongs to the S100 family and serum S100B (also known as S100beta) serves as a marker for metastasis in lung cancer, ovarian cancer and melanoma. However, the association between S100B and the metastasis of breast cancer is not yet well understood...

BACKGROUND: Recent studies shows that hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy exerts some protective effects against neural injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine the neuroprotective effects of HBO following sciatic nerve transection (SNT). METHODS: Rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 14 per group): Sham-operated (SH) group, SH + HBO group, SNT group, and SNT + pre- and SNT + post-HBO groups (100% oxygen at 2.0 atm absolute, 60 min/day for five consecutive days beginning on 1 day before and immediately after nerve transaction, respectively)...

BACKGROUND: The randomized clinical trial, SafeBoosC II, examined the effect of monitoring of cerebral oxygenation by near-infrared spectroscopy combined with a guideline on treatment when cerebral oxygenation was out of the target range. Data on cerebral oxygenation was collected in both the intervention and the control group. The primary outcome was the reduction in the burden of cerebral hypo- and hyperoxia between the two groups. In this study we describe the associations between the burden of cerebral hypo- and hyperoxia, regardless of allocation to intervention or control group, and the biomarkers of brain injury from birth till term equivalent age that was collected as secondary and explorative outcomes in the SafeBoosC II trial...

Blood brain barrier (BBB) damage is a common feature in central nervous system infections by HIV and it may persist despite effective antiretroviral therapy. Astrocyte involvement has not been studied in this setting. Patients were enrolled in an ongoing prospective study and subjects with central nervous system-affecting disorders were excluded. Patients were divided into two groups: treated subjects with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV RNA <50 copies/mL (CSF-controllers) and in late-presenters CD4+ T lymphocytes <100/uL...

BACKGROUND: The serum concentration of S100β protein reportedly predicts outcomes after brain injury. We examined the prognostic accuracy of S100β in patients with non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational study of patients with non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage treated in the intensive care unit at our university hospital. Computed tomography imaging findings and the level of consciousness on admission were recorded...

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Although the primary cause of the disease is presently unknown, to date several risk factors have been described. Evidence suggests that one of these risk factors could be chronic stress. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that chronic stress is able to induce Alzheimer's disease features after the administration of nontoxic doses of sodium azide. We found that chronic stress increases the levels of several proteins involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, such as presenilin 1, presenilin 2, and S100β, besides inducing the aggregation of Tau, ubiquitin, and β-amyloid proteins in the hippocampus...

In this study, superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particle-labeled mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were injected intra-articularly into osteoarthritic knee joints. Their fate and distribution were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and macroscopic and histologic postmortem examination. Osteoarthritis was induced in 12 sheep by bilateral meniscectomy. After 6 weeks, one knee joint received 10 × 10(6) SPIO-labeled MSCs (Molday Ion Rhodamine B). Contralateral knees received a control injection of a) PBS, b) SPIO in PBS, c) 10 × 10(6) nonvital SPIO-labeled MSCs in PBS, or d) no injection...

The possibility that inflammatory processes in the brain contribute to the etiopathogenesis of seizures and the establishment of a chronic epileptic focus is increasingly recognized as a result of supportive evidence in experimental models and in the clinical setting. Prototypical inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1beta) and "danger signals" (such as HMGB1 and S100beta) are overexpressed in human and experimental epileptogenic tissue, prominently by glia. Neurons and endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier contribute to inflammatory processes...

Chronic ischemic pain in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a leading cause of pain in the lower extremities. A neuropathic component of chronic ischemic pain has been shown independent of coexisting diabetes. We aimed to identify a morphological correlate potentially associated with pain and sensory deficits in PAD. Forty patients with symptomatic PAD (Fontaine stages II-IV), 20 with intermittent claudication (CI), and 20 with critical limb ischemia (CLI) were enrolled; 12 volunteers served as healthy controls...

The functional state of the brain and the potential of pharmacologic cytoprotection after an acute cerebral hypoxia were studied. The experiment involved 186 adult male rats. The rats in experimental groups underwent acute thromboembolism of the right carotid artery. The functional state of the brain and the efficacy and safety of the Cytoflavin complex cytoprotective drug treatment had been analyzed over the 10 days following the thromboembolism. A neurological examination was accomplished daily, the serum levels of NSE, GFAP, S100beta and brain cytolysate levels of NSE were measured on the 1st, 3rd, 10th day...

OBJECTIVE: To observe the protective effect of Shenfu Injection (SFI) pretreatment on brain of patients receiving aortic valve replacement (AVR) undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). METHODS: Thirty AVR patients undergoing CPB were randomly assigned to 2 groups, the control group and the experimental group, 15 cases in each group. SFI at 1.5 mL/kg (dissolved in 250 mL 5% glucose solution) was intravenously dripped to those in the experimental group 5 days before operation, once daily for 5 successive days...

The astrocytic response to ischemic brain injury is characterized by specific alterations of glial cell morphology and function. Various studies described both beneficial and detrimental aspects of activated astrocytes, suggesting the existence of different subtypes. We investigated this issue using a novel object-based approach to study characteristics of astrogliosis after stroke. Spontaneously hypertensive rats received permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. After 96 h, brain specimens were removed, fixed and stained for GFAP, glutamine synthetase (GS), S100Beta and Musashi1 (Msh1)...