uterine cervix

In this review, mucosal immune defense mechanisms used to control infections in the bovine genital tract (vestibule, vagina, cervix, uterus and oviduct) during the postpartum period are reviewed. Knowledge gaps are highlighted to emphasize the need for further investigations. Physical barriers to the entry of microbes include vulvar sealing, vestibule-vaginal constriction, a narrow cervical opening and the mucosal epithelium along with the overlying mucus layer. Genital tract mucosal epithelial cells recognize damage-associated molecular patterns and pathogen-associated molecular patterns and respond by secreting antimicrobial peptides and cytokines to recruit and activate immune cells...

Primary osteosarcoma of the uterine cervix is extremely rare. Only 20 cases have been reported, 19 of which originated in the uterine corpus. We report a case of primary uterine cervical osteosarcoma with pulmonary metastasis in a 30-year-old nulligravida woman. The initial diagnosis was carcinosarcoma of the uterine cervix, as detected by cervical cytology and biopsy analysis. We performed a total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and colostomy without macroscopic residual tumors in the abdominal cavity, but pelvic recurrent tumors appeared 14 days postoperatively...

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are originating from neuroendocrine cells in diffuse endocrine systems. NETs are diagnosed by characteristic histologic features and immunoprofiles. Recent 2010 WHO classification for gastroenteropancreatic NETs introduced grading system based on mitotic count and Ki-67 proliferation index. Gastroenteropancreatic NETs are classified as NET grade 1, NET grade 2, and neuroendocrine carcinoma (NET grade 3). However, the carcinoid is still used in classification of NETs of the lung and uterine cervix...

We present a rare case of a large infarcted submucous fibroid removed manually after a normal vaginal delivery. This patient was known to have a large postero-fundal hybrid predominantly intramural uterine fibroid, measuring 11 x 10 cm in diameter and diagnosed 2 years prior to last conception. Thirty-five days postpartum, she presented with severe lower abdominal pain and foul smell per vaginum. Abdominal examination revealed a very tender bulky uterus at 24 weeks size, and vaginal examination revealed a big fleshy smelly mass with friable surface just bulging from a dilated cervix...

Endometrial clear cell carcinoma (ECCC) and clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix (CCAC) are uncommon gynecologic cancers that have morphologic and phenotypic features similar to ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC), but the 3 entities may not be completely identical. This study identified the morphologic and phenotypic characteristics and the differences between ECCC and CCAC in Comparison to OCCC. The morphologic features of 16 ECCCs, 7 CCACs, and 22 OCCCs are described. The immunoprofiles of hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 1β, napsin A, estrogen, progesterone, p53, and Ki-67 were assessed...

Objective To define transvaginal ultrasound reference ranges for uterine cervix measurements according to gestational age (GA) in low-risk pregnancies. Methods Cohort of low-risk pregnant women undergoing transvaginal ultrasound exams every 4 weeks, comprising measurements of the cervical length and volume, the transverse and anteroposterior diameters of the cervix, and distance from the entrance of the uterine artery into the cervix until the internal os. The inter- and intraobserver variabilities were assessed with the linear correlation coefficient and the Student t-test...

Cytologic-histologic correlation (CHC) represents a documented effort to obtain and compare, when available, gynecologic cytology reports with an interpretation of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or malignancy, with the subsequent histopathology report, and to determine the possible cause of any discrepancy. The correlation is influenced by multiple closely interdependent clinical and pathologic factors. Many of these factors including the sensitivity and accuracy of colposcopy-directed biopsy, the diligence of the colposcopist, and the attributes of the cervical lesion represent "preanalytical" factors which can significantly affect the CHC outcome, but are often less emphasized during CHC process...

Squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix is potentially a curable disease; however, many patients treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy develop distant metastases, with few of them having a single metastatic deposit. There are no guidelines for the treatment of patients with oligometastatic cervical cancer.We present a case of a patient with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stage IIB squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix. She was successfully treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy with definitive intent...

Improved performances in gynaecological ultrasonography have enabled an increasing number of often asymptomatic endometrial polyps to be detected. Most of these polyps are removed surgically, as a precautionary measure, so as not to miss a case of endometrial cancer. Nonetheless, this management strategy is based solely on the sonographer's judgement and a number of these operations, which are probably of no benefit, could be avoided. In order to do so, risk factors for malignancy need to be identified. OBJECTIVE: Estimate the prevalence of lesions in menopausal patients with a pre-operative diagnosis of endometrial polyp...

PROBLEM: The effectiveness of progesterone (P4) treatment for preventing preterm births is unclear. Its effects on the uterine cervix were tested using cultured human uterine cervical fibroblasts (UCFs). METHOD OF STUDY: UCFs were incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of P4 under various conditions. mRNA was subjected to PCR arrays and real-time RT-PCR to assess IL-6, IL-8, IL-1beta, PTGS2, MMP-1, and CXCL10 expression. RESULTS: When exposed to a high-LPS concentration (2...

INTRODUCTION: The prognostic impact of the number of examined lymph nodes (ELNs) in different histological subtypes of cervical cancer remains unclear. We aimed to assess the impact of the number of ELNs in stage IA2-IIA cervical cancer with different histological subtypes. METHODS: Data of patients with stage IA2-IIA squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) of the uterine cervix between 1988 and 2013 were retrieved from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program...

OBJECTIVE: To study effect of "early amniotomy" {initiating induction of labor (IOL) with amniotomy followed by oxytocin} versus "late amniotomy" (initiating IOL with oxytocin followed by amniotomy 4-8 hours later) in induced labor. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 150 women with Bishop's score of ≥ 6 undergoing IOL were randomized into "early amniotomy" and "delayed amniotomy". RESULTS: Early amniotomy resulted in a reduced induction-delivery interval (IDI) (7...

Monitoring cervical structure and composition during pregnancy has high potential for prediction of preterm birth (PTB), a problem affecting 15 million newborns annually. We use in vivo Raman spectroscopy, a label-free, light-based method that provides a molecular fingerprint to non-invasively investigate normal and impaired cervical remodeling. Prostaglandins stimulate uterine contractions and are clinically used for cervical ripening during pregnancy. Deletion of cyclooxygenase-1 (Cox-1), an enzyme involved in production of these prostaglandins, results in delayed parturition in mice...

Müllerian adenosarcomas usually arise as polypoid masses in the endometrium of post-menopausal women. Occasionally, these tumors arise in the cervix, vagina, broad and round ligaments, ovaries and rarely in extragenital sites; these cases are generally associated with endometriosis. We experienced a rare case of extraendometrial, intramural adenosarcoma arising in a patient with adenomyosis. A 40-year-old woman presented with sudden-onset suprapubic pain. The imaging findings suggested leiomyoma with cystic degeneration in the uterine fundus...

BACKGROUND: An upward trending incidence in cervical adenocarcinoma (ADC) has been reported in many countries. Because non-squamous histology has been associated with increased risk of ovarian metastases (OM), bilateral oophorectomy is commonly performed for ADC without due consideration for ovarian preservation, degrading the quality of life for young premenopausal patients. METHODS: Subjects were patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I-IIB cervical ADC who underwent radical hysterectomy, including pelvic lymphadenectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy at our institution between Oct...

Ectopic pregnancies account for 1.5-2% of all pregnancy in the United States. Of these, approximately 10 percent implant in non-tubal locations, including the abdominal cavity, cervix, ovary, interstitial portion of the fallopian tube, broad ligament, the uterine cornua, or within a cesarean section scar. Because these pregnancies tend to present later than typical tubal pregnancies, they have been associated with greater maternal morbidity and mortality. Advances in ultrasound technology have allowed for earlier diagnosis of non-tubal ectopic pregnancies, which in turn has led to the development of novel minimally invasive techniques to manage them...

The effect of training background of persons performing artificial insemination (AI) (herd-owner inseminators (OWNER), AI technicians (AI-T), and fertility consultants (FC)) on pregnancy rate and their ability to detect cows not in oestrus were studied. A total of 1584 re-AI occasions on 754 dairy farms were included. Milk samples for progesterone (P4) analysis in all cases were collected, as were data on the herd, previous breeding attempts, oestrous signs, uterine tone, slipperiness of cervix, and co-operation of the cow...

Aims/ Objective: Phosphonium salts are compounds whose structural characteristics enable them to cross the plasma and mitochondrial membrane with ease. Cancer cells have higher plasma membrane potentials than normal cells, phosphonium salts selectively accumulate in the mitochondria of neoplastic cells and inhibit mitochondrial function. METHOD: In the presente work, we investigate the cytotoxic activity of lipophilic phosphonium salt (11-methoxy11-oxo-undecyl) triphenylphosphonium bromide (MUTP) as well as of two new phosphine oxide salts, 3,3'-(methylphosphoryl) dibenzenaminium chloride (SBAMPO) and 3,3' (phenylphosphoryl) dibenzenaminium chloride (SBAPPO) on the proliferation of breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and human uterin cervix adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa)...

The differential diagnosis of glandular lesions of the bladder/urinary tract can be challenging due to significant morphologic and immunohistochemical overlap between primary lesions and metastasis/direct extension from adjacent organs. Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2), encoded on chromosome 2q32-33, is a recently described DNA-binding protein involved in osteoblast lineage commitment and expressed in colorectal and appendiceal neoplasms. In this study, we hypothesized that immunohistochemistry for SATB2 may be of value in distinguishing primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder/urinary tract and urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation from gastrointestinal and endocervical primaries...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic factors, treatment options, and survival outcomes of primary carcinosarcomas of the uterine cervix. METHODS: An electronic search of the literature was conducted from 1951 to February 2017 to identify articles on primary cervical carcinosarcoma. After comprehensive evaluation of case series and case reports, 81 cases were included in the study. RESULTS: The most common clinical FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) stage was IB at 53% of cases...