walkman

The Walkman mini-stereo system was tried on 50 patients who had tinnitus and 86.7 per cent of the patients found it effective and useful. In spite of the few minor disadvantages, its use is recommended, at least before prescribing an expensive tinnitus masker.

Investigations on 50 high school students showed that this group had been using the "Walkman" only 1.5 h. per day during the last 14 months. A comparison of the audiometric results obtained with these 50 "Walkman" users, with those of 20 age-related non-"Walkman" users, showed no statistically significant differences. The investigation further revealed that to avoid hearing loss, an upper threshold level of 93 dB (A) should not be exceeded for a daily "Walkman" user time of two hours.

A study was done on 41 patients to compare the use of the Walkman Mini-stereo system with different types of phones to mask tinnitus, by using music, or relaxation or different bands of noise similar to those generated by a tinnitus masker or pure tone, and it was found that the Walkman Mini-stereo system with any types of phone, was as effective, and more economic, both to patients and to the N.H.S., than traditional tinnitus maskers. It should be recommended for the management of tinnitus in preference to the traditional tinnitus maskers...

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Ninety ASA I-II patients scheduled for a pre-planned surgical operation were randomly assigned to three groups: the first of these received no premedication, the second received 1-2 ml Thalamonal i.m., and the third were offered music from a walkman via earphones. Excluded from the study were patients under 15 and over 65 years of age, patients suffering from malignant diseases, those expecting operations of uncertain outcome, and patients whose mother tongue was not German. All 90 patients were cared for by the same investigator...

Three students with moderate mental retardation were taught a complex stimulus class with a two-choice conditional discrimination procedure applied across eight 10-member stimulus sets. Each set was composed of five age-appropriate and five age-inappropriate examples of clothing, accessories, and leisure items (e.g., a Walkman radio). Discrimination training was programmed serially across each set, and generalization probes were conducted concurrently among all sets. Generalization probes consisted of unreinforced conditional matching trials with comparison items being drawn from (a) the set undergoing training (within-set probes), (b) sets not undergoing training (between-set probes), and (c) both sample and comparison items from different sets (transitive stimulus control probes)...

An experiment was conducted to investigate the generalizability of Rachman's match/mismatch model and to explore if environmental conditions affect the consequences of an underprediction. Twenty subjects walked around in agoraphobic, and 15 did so in neutral, situations. Both groups carried a walkman and 7 aversive human screams were administered to them at random times. The results gave strong support to previous investigations on matches and mismatches, but no differences were shown between agoraphobic and neutral situations...

Over the past two decades there has been increasing concern about the role of nonoccupational, or leisure noise on hearing. This paper reviews published studies that detail the noise levels and potential effects of some noisy leisure activities. Considered are the most common sources of leisure noise: exposure to live or amplified rock, classical, or jazz music; exposures from personal listening devices ("walkman" type); noise around the home, and hunting and target shooting. Although all activities listed above have the potential for dangerous levels of noise exposure, the most serious threat to hearing comes from recreational hunting or target shooting...

Playing various types of music on five selected personal cassette players (PCPs), A-weighted sound pressure levels (SPLs), together with octave band spectrum, were measured on KEMAR (Knowles Electronics Manikin for Acoustic Research). Maximum and equivalent SPLs were measured for various types of music, PCPs and for different gain (volume) settings. The measured SPL-values on KEMAR ear were transformed to field values outside the ear canal by means of corrections based on KEMAR's ear canal resonance curve--in order to compare measured values with the Norwegian national noise risk criteria...

Playing selected types of music on five different personal cassette players (PCPs) and using different gain (volume) settings, A-weighted maximum and equivalent sound pressure levels (SPLs) were measured on KEMAR (Knowles Electronics Manikin for Acoustic Research). The octave band SPLs were measured on KEMAR ear and transformed to field values in order to compare measured values with the Norwegian noise risk criteria. Temporary threshold shifts (TTS) measured in 6 subjects after listening to two different pop music cassettes on one PCP in two separate sessions, are presented...

A total of 181 persons aged between 16 and 18 were checked fully audiometrically (conventional and high-frequency audiogram). Dates of history about hereditary hearing damage, own ear diseases, noise exposure during frequent visits to discothecs or usage of Walkman etc. were ascertained by questionnaires. The evaluation of the results was carried out with the help of discrimination analysis allowing a multi-dimensional classification. As a result there could be made a sure discrimination analytic separation in persons with ear diseases during their childhood, when the high frequencies from 10 to 15 kHz were taken in...

This article deals with three problems. First, to what extent is the equivalent noise level valid? The halving parameter, the A-weighting, the short integration time, the fast modulations of frequency and dynamic qualities of hearing--all these aspects prove to be problematic even today. Secondly, is noise noxious to our health? It is difficult to prove that noise is detrimental to our health; many people are annoyed by noise; however, only particular groups (children, the elderly, the handicapped, people who wear a hearing aid, people with heart disease) are affected as far as health is concerned, and it is these people who require special protection...