Cancer screening

PURPOSE: To understand the mutational landscape of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and tumor tissue of patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative (HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) treated with abemaciclib + endocrine therapy (ET). METHODS: Blood samples for ctDNA and/or tissue samples were collected from abemaciclib-treated patients with HR+/HER2- MBC enrolled in the SCRUM-Japan MONSTAR-SCREEN project. Blood samples were collected before abemaciclib initiation (baseline) and at disease progression/abemaciclib discontinuation (post abemaciclib treatment)...

PURPOSE: Few studies have explored the potential for pharmacological interventions to delay disease progression in patients undergoing active surveillance (AS). This preplanned transcriptomic analysis of patient samples from the ENACT trial aims to identify biomarkers in patients on AS who are at increased risk for disease progression or who may derive the greatest benefit from enzalutamide treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the phase II ENACT (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02799745) trial, patients on AS were randomly assigned 1:1 to 160 mg orally once daily enzalutamide monotherapy or continued AS for 1 year...

Oncogenic KRAS impairs anti-tumor immune responses. As effective strategies to combine KRAS inhibitors and immunotherapies have so far proven elusive, a better understanding of how oncogenic KRAS drives immune evasion is needed to identify approaches that could sensitize KRAS-mutant lung cancer to immunotherapy. In vivo CRISPR-Cas9 screening in an immunogenic murine lung cancer model identified mechanisms by which oncogenic KRAS promotes immune evasion, most notably via upregulation of immunosuppressive cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in cancer cells...

BACKGROUND: Over recent years, cervical cancer incidence and related mortality have steadily increased in Eswatini. Low cervical cancer screening uptake partly explains the situation. Cervical cancer screening-related knowledge is positively associated with screening uptake. Little is known about women's cervical cancer screening-related knowledge in Eswatini. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess cervical cancer screening knowledge and associated factors among Eswatini women eligible for screening...

Monitoring neoplasms in standardized registries facilitates epidemiologic studies of risk factors for tumor development and predisposition. In an observational study, we determined incidence rates (IR) and malignant tumor incidence rate ratios (IRR) by age, sex, and breed in Swiss dogs using demographic data from the official Swiss dog registration database Amicus. The dataset analyzed included 54'986 tumors diagnosed by histology and cytology in four Swiss veterinary pathology laboratories between 2008 and 2020...

Clinical diagnosis of ovarian cancer lacks high accuracy due to the weak selection of specific biomarkers along with the circumstance biomarkers localization. Clustering analysis of proteins transported on exosomes enables a more precise screening of effective biomarkers. Herein, through bioinformatics analysis of ovarian cancer and exosome proteomes, two coexpressed proteins, EpCAM and CD24, specifically enriched, were identified, together with the development of an as-derived dual-aptamer targeted exosome-based strategy for ovarian cancer screening...

Sclareol, a bioactive diterpene alcohol isolated from Salvia sclarea , was subjected to structural modification and cytotoxic evaluation. Boron-Heck-coupled analogs of manoyl oxide were prepared from sclareol in a two-step reaction scheme. In the first step manoyl oxide was prepared from sclareol using cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate. Further the structural modification of manoyl oxide via Palladium (II) catalysed Boron-Heck coupling reaction produced a new series of compounds. All the synthesised compounds were screened for in vitro cytotoxic evaluation against four cancer cell lines HCT-116, MCF-7, MDA-MB231and MDA-MB468...

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization aims for the global elimination of cervical cancer, necessitating modeling studies to forecast long-term outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This paper introduces a macrosimulation framework using age-period-cohort modeling and population attributable fractions to predict the timeline for eliminating cervical cancer in Taiwan. METHODS: Data for cervical cancer cases from 1997 to 2016 were obtained from the Taiwan Cancer Registry...

BACKGROUND: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) occurs at young ages, with the highest incidence between 20 and 40 years. While cure rates have improved to 80%-90% over the past decades, survivors of HL are at substantial risk of late treatment-related complications, such as cardiovascular diseases, breast cancer, severe infections, and hypothyroidism. To reduce morbidity and mortality from late treatment effects, the Dutch Better care after lymphoma, Evaluation of long-term Treatment Effects and screening Recommendations (BETER) consortium developed a survivorship care program for 5-year survivors of HL that includes risk-based screening for and treatment of (risk factors for) late adverse events...

Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) make up a highly bioactive class of metabolites produced by a range of tropical and subtropical plants. The corynanthe-type MIAs are a stereochemically complex subclass with therapeutic potential against a large number of indications including cancer, psychotic disorders, and erectile dysfunction. Here, we report yeast-based cell factories capable of de novo production of corynanthe-type MIAs rauwolscine, yohimbine, tetrahydroalstonine, and corynanthine. From this, we demonstrate regioselective biosynthesis of 4 fluorinated derivatives of these compounds and de novo biosynthesis of 7-chlororauwolscine by coexpression of a halogenase with the biosynthetic pathway...

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, increasingly diagnosed in the United States, has a disheartening initial resection rate of 15%. Neoadjuvant therapy, particularly FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine-based regimens, is gaining favor for its potential to improve resectability rates and achieving microscopically negative margins (R0) in borderline resectable cases, marked by intricate arterial or venous involvement. Despite surgery being the sole curative approach, actual benefit of neoadjuvant therapy remains debatable. This study scrutinizes current literature on oncological outcomes post-resection of borderline resectable pancreatic cancer...

IMPORTANCE: Despite improvements in breast cancer screening, treatment, and survival, disparate breast cancer-specific survival outcomes persist, particularly in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Most of these disparities are attributed to disparities in individual, tumor, and treatment characteristics. However, a critical knowledge gap exists as to whether disparities in breast cancer-specific survival remain after accounting for individual, tumor, and treatment characteristics. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if neighborhood disadvantage is associated with shorter breast cancer-specific survival after controlling for individual, tumor, and treatment characteristics in a national population...

IMPORTANCE: Benefits of prostate cancer (PCa) screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) alone are largely offset by excess negative biopsies and overdetection of indolent cancers resulting from the poor specificity of PSA for high-grade PCa (ie, grade group [GG] 2 or greater). OBJECTIVE: To develop a multiplex urinary panel for high-grade PCa and validate its external performance relative to current guideline-endorsed biomarkers. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: RNA sequencing analysis of 58 724 genes identified 54 markers of PCa, including 17 markers uniquely overexpressed by high-grade cancers...

Hispanics in the United States (U.S.) have previously exhibited lower guideline-concordant colorectal cancer (CRC) screening uptake than non-Hispanic (NH) Whites, with disparities accentuated in foreign-born Hispanics, however it is unclear whether nativity-related CRC screening disparities have changed in the last two decades and whether these disparities are attenuated after adjusting for socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. We evaluated CRC screening adherence in foreign- and U.S.-born Hispanics compared to U...

Purpose To perform a meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of MRI for the detection of pulmonary nodules, with use of CT as the reference standard. Materials and Methods PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and other databases were systematically searched for studies published from January 2000 to March 2023 evaluating the performance of MRI for diagnosis of lung nodules measuring 4 mm or larger, with CT as reference. Studies including micronodules, nodules without size stratification, or those from which data for contingency tables could not be extracted were excluded...

OBJECTIVES: To report an autoimmune paraneoplastic encephalitis characterized by immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody targeting synaptic protein calmodulin kinase-like vesicle-associated (CAMKV). METHODS: Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples harboring unclassified antibodies on murine brain-based indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) were screened by human protein microarray. In 5 patients with identical cerebral IFA staining, CAMKV was identified as top-ranking candidate antigen...

BACKGROUND: The value of lower gastrointestinal endoscopy (LGIE; colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy) relates to its ability to detect clinically relevant findings, predominantly cancers, preneoplastic polyps or inflammatory bowel disease. There are concerns that many LGIEs are performed on low-risk patients with limited benefit. AIMS: To determine the diagnostic outcomes of LGIE for common symptoms. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of diagnostic LGIE between March 2019 and February 2020 using the UK National Endoscopy Database...

BACKGROUND: Compliance with colonoscopy among elderly individuals participating in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programs is unsatisfactory, despite a high detection rate of bowel-related diseases. In this study, our aim was to analyze the impact of risk factors on the trends of compliance and detection rates in colonoscopy among high-risk individuals aged 60-74. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on the high-risk individuals aged 60-74 participating in the 2021 CRC screening program in Tianjin, China...

BACKGROUND: Distant metastasis remains the leading cause of death among patients with breast cancer (BRCA). The process of cancer metastasis involves multiple mechanisms, including compromised immune system. However, not all genes involved in immune function have been comprehensively identified. METHODS: Firstly 1623 BRCA samples, including transcriptome sequencing and clinical information, were acquired from Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE102818, GSE45255, GSE86166) and The Cancer Genome Atlas-BRCA (TCGA-BRCA) dataset...

Breast cancer is the most recurrently identified and one of women's prominent causes of death. Currently, researchers have turned their focus on natural chemicals from synthetic chemicals due to their environmental, economic, and health benefits. Considering this, the medicinal plant Leucas aspera was chosen for the current study. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize secondary metabolites from L. aspera and determine the antiproliferative and antimigratory activities in the MDA-MB-231 cell line under in vitro conditions...