Neuroimaging

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by mild memory loss and ranks as a leading cause of mortality in the USA, accounting for approximately 120,000 deaths per year. It is also the primary form of dementia. Early detection is critical for timely intervention as the neurodegenerative process often starts 15-20 years before cognitive symptoms manifest. This study focuses on determining feature importance in AD classification using fused texture features from 3D magnetic resonance imaging hippocampal and entorhinal cortex and standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) derived from positron emission tomography (PET) images...

BACKGROUND: The presence of brain neoplasms associated with intracranial aneurysms (IAs) is uncommon and whether there is a causal relationship between these two pathologies remains unclear. The incidence of this association has increased due to improved detection with the use of sophisticated neuroimaging techniques. It is important to investigate how these two pathologies are related, whether this potential interaction worsens patient prognosis, and how treatment should be planned and conducted...

Human brain organization involves the coordinated expression of thousands of genes. For example, the first principal component (C1) of cortical transcription identifies a hierarchy from sensorimotor to association regions. In this study, optimized processing of the Allen Human Brain Atlas revealed two new components of cortical gene expression architecture, C2 and C3, which are distinctively enriched for neuronal, metabolic and immune processes, specific cell types and cytoarchitectonics, and genetic variants associated with intelligence...

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Correlating transcriptional profiles with imaging-derived phenotypes has the potential to reveal possible molecular architectures associated with cognitive functions, brain development and disorders. Competitive null models built by resampling genes and self-contained null models built by spinning brain regions, along with varying test statistics, have been used to determine the significance of transcriptional associations. However, there has been no systematic evaluation of their performance in imaging transcriptomics analyses...

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is an efficient neuromodulation technique that enhances cognitive function in a non-invasive manner. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated whether tACS with different phase lags (0° and 180°) between the dorsal anterior cingulate and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortices modulated inhibitory control performance during the Stroop task. We found out-of-phase tACS mediated improvements in task performance, which was neurodynamically reflected as putamen, dorsolateral prefrontal, and primary motor cortical activation as well as prefrontal-based top-down functional connectivity...

United States (US) Special Operations Forces (SOF) are frequently exposed to explosive blasts in training and combat, but the effects of repeated blast exposure (RBE) on SOF brain health are incompletely understood. Furthermore, there is no diagnostic test to detect brain injury from RBE. As a result, SOF personnel may experience cognitive, physical, and psychological symptoms for which the cause is never identified, and they may return to training or combat during a period of brain vulnerability. In 30 active-duty US SOF, we assessed the relationship between cumulative blast exposure and cognitive performance, psychological health, physical symptoms, blood proteomics, and neuroimaging measures (Connectome structural and diffusion MRI, 7 Tesla functional MRI, [11 C]PBR28 translocator protein [TSPO] positron emission tomography [PET]-MRI, and [18 F]MK6240 tau PET-MRI), adjusting for age, combat exposure, and blunt head trauma...

A comprehensive three-dimensional digital brain atlas of cortical and subcortical regions based on MRI and histology has a broad array of applications in anatomical, functional, and clinical studies. We first generated a Subcortical Atlas of the Marmoset, called the "SAM," from 251 delineated subcortical regions (e.g. thalamic subregions, etc.) derived from high-resolution Mean Apparent Propagator-MRI, T2W, and magnetization transfer ratio images ex vivo. We then confirmed the location and borders of these segmented regions in the MRI data using matched histological sections with multiple stains obtained from the same specimen...

Steinkrauss and Slotnick (2024) reviewed neuroimaging studies linking the hippocampus with implicit memory. They conclude that there is no convincing evidence that the hippocampus is associated with implicit memory because prior studies are confounded by explicit memory (among other factors). Here, we ask a different yet equally important question: do reports of unconscious hippocampal activity reflect a Type-I error (i.e. a false positive)? We find that 39% of studies linking the hippocampus with implicit memory (7 of 18) do not report correcting for multiple comparisons...

INTRODUCTION: We assessed a genetic risk score for Alzheimer's disease (AD-GRS) and apolipoprotein E (APOE4) in an exploratory neuroimaging substudy of the FINGER trial. METHODS: 1260 at-risk older individuals without dementia were randomized to multidomain lifestyle intervention or health advice. N = 126 participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and N = 47 positron emission tomography (PET) scans (Pittsburgh Compund B [PiB], Fluorodeoxyglucose) at baseline; N = 107 and N = 38 had repeated 2-year scans...

Machine learning (ML) approaches are increasingly being applied to neuroimaging data. Studies in neuroscience typically have to rely on a limited set of training data which may impair the generalizability of ML models. However, it is still unclear which kind of training sample is best suited to optimize generalization performance. In the present study, we systematically investigated the generalization performance of sex classification models trained on the parcelwise connectivity profile of either single samples or compound samples of two different sizes...

BACKGROUND: This study investigates clinical and biomarker differences between standard interval dosing (SID) and extended interval dosing (EID) of ocrelizumab therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: This is a prospective, double-arm, open-label, multi-center study in Denmark. Participants diagnosed with MS on ocrelizumab therapy >12 months were included ( n = 184). Clinical, radiological, and blood-based biomarker outcomes were evaluated. MRI disease activity, relapses, worsening of neurostatus, and No Evidence of Disease Activity-3 (NEDA-3) were used as a combined endpoint...

HIV-infection of microglia and macrophages (MMs) induces neuronal injury and chronic release of inflammatory stimuli through direct and indirect molecular pathways. A large percentage of people with HIV-associated neurologic and psychiatric co-morbidities have high levels of circulating inflammatory molecules. Microglia, given their susceptibility to HIV infection and long-lived nature, are reservoirs for persistent infection. MMs and neurons possess the molecular machinery to detect pathogen nucleic acids and proteins to activate innate immune signals...

The abnormal aggregation of extracellular amyloid-<mml:math xmlns:mml="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mspace/><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math> in senile plaques resulting in calcium <mml:math xmlns:mml="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mfenced><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:math> dyshomeostasis is one of the primary symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD)...

BACKGROUND: Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is a major cause of cognitive impairment in the elderly and a co-factor in the development and progression of most neurodegenerative diseases. With the continuing development of neuroimaging, multiple markers can be combined to provide richer biological information, but little is known about their diagnostic value in VCI. METHODS: A total of 83 subjects participated in our study, including 32 patients with vascular cognitive impairment with no dementia (VCIND), 21 patients with vascular dementia (VD), and 30 normal controls (NC)...

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), which was first described in 1996, is a neurologic condition characterized by a combination of clinical and neuroimaging findings. PRES may arise in the context of preeclampsia, eclampsia, renal failure, and sepsis, among other conditions. Neuropsychiatric symptoms of PRES include altered mental status, agitation, and in some cases psychosis. PRES occurring in the postpartum period is understudied, especially with regard to its psychiatric manifestations...

INTRODUCTION: Articulography and functional neuroimaging are two major tools for studying the neurobiology of speech production. Until now, however, it has generally not been feasible to use both in the same experimental setup because of technical incompatibilities between the two methodologies. METHODS: Here we describe results from a novel articulography system dubbed Magneto-articulography for the Assessment of Speech Kinematics (MASK), which is technically compatible with magnetoencephalography (MEG) brain scanning systems...

In the dynamic landscape of glioblastoma, the 2021 World Health Organization Classification of Central Nervous System tumours endeavoured to establish biological homogeneity, yet isocitrate dehydrogenase-wild-type (IDH-wt) glioblastoma persists as a tapestry of clinical and molecular diversity. Intertumoural heterogeneity in IDH-wt glioblastoma presents a formidable challenge in treatment strategies. Recent strides in genetics and molecular biology have enhanced diagnostic precision, revealing distinct subtypes and invasive patterns that influence survival in patients with IDH-wt glioblastoma...

BACKGROUND: In Chinese medicine, the mental focus and emotional stability of acupuncturists are key to optimal clinical outcomes. Many renowned acupuncturists utilize Traditional Chinese Qigong practices to enhance their concentration and emotional regulation abilities. Nevertheless, the existing literature lacks comprehensive evidence addressing this matter. METHODS: This study will enroll 99 acupuncturists and randomly allocate them to one of three groups: Baduanjin, aerobic exercise, or a waiting-list control...

Gradenigo's syndrome, a rare but serious complication of otitis media, encompasses a triad of symptoms including otalgia, facial palsy, and abducens nerve palsy, pointing to the involvement of the petrous apex. This case report presents an 11-year-old boy with an atypical manifestation of Gradenigo's syndrome, characterized by the absence of classic features such as abducens nerve palsy and purulent otorrhea. MRI findings were significant for petrous apicitis extending to Meckel's cave and the cavernous sinus, along with abscess formation and clivus osteomyelitis...