Juvenile traumatic brain injury

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent health issue in North America. There is increasing pressure to utilize ecologically valid models of closed-head mTBI in the preclinical setting to increase translatability to the clinical population. The awake closed-headed injury (ACHI) model uses a modified controlled cortical impactor to deliver closed-headed injury, inducing clinically relevant behavioral deficits without the need for a craniotomy or the use of an anesthetic. This technique does not normally induce fatalities, skull fractures, or brain bleeds, and is more consistent with being a mild injury...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death for children in the United States. Juveniles are more likely to sustain TBIs than most other age groups, and TBI has been shown to result in increased anxiety and stress behaviors. In addition, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has previously been shown to become dysregulated after a TBI. Furthermore, many children consume diets high in saturated fats and refined sugars, which are also connected to alterations in HPA axis function and behavior disorders...

AIM: Retrospective studies suggest that mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in pediatric patients may lead to an increased risk of cardiac events. However, the exact functional and temporal dynamics and the associations between heart and brain pathophysiological trajectories are not understood. METHODS: A single impact to the left somatosensory cortical area of the intact skull was performed on juvenile mice (17 days postnatal). Cerebral 3D photoacoustic imaging was used to measure the oxygen saturation (sO2 ) in the impacted area 4 h after mTBI followed by 2D and 4D echocardiography at days 7, 30, 90, and 190 post-impact...

Multiple/repeated mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in young children can cause long-term gait impairments and affect the developmental course of motor control. Using our swine model for mTBI in young children, our aim was to (i) establish a reference range (RR) for each parameter to validate injury and track recovery, and (ii) evaluate changes in gait patterns following a single and multiple (5×) sagittal rapid non-impact head rotation (RNR). Gait patterns were studied in four groups of 4-week-old Yorkshire swine: healthy ( n = 18), anesthesia-only sham ( n = 8), single RNR injury ( n = 12) and multiple RNR injury ( n = 11)...

We studied cell recruitment following optic tectum (OT) injury in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ), which has a remarkable ability to regenerate many of its organs, including the brain. The OT is the largest dorsal layered structure in the zebrafish brain. In juveniles, it is an ideal structure for imaging and dissection. We investigated the recruited cells within the juvenile OT during regeneration in a Pdgfrβ-Gal4:UAS-EGFP line in which pericytes, vascular, circulating, and meningeal cells are labeled, together with neurons and progenitors...

Intoxication is a leading risk factor for injury, and TBI increases the risk for later alcohol misuse, especially when the injury is sustained in childhood. Previously, we modeled this pattern in mice, wherein females injured at postnatal day 21 drank significantly more than uninjured females, while we did not see this effect in males. However, the biological underpinnings of this sex difference have remained elusive. In this study, we utilize this preclinical model and traditional endocrine manipulations to assess the effect of perinatal sex steroids on post-injury ethanol response...

INTRODUCTION: Youth in the juvenile justice system are a vulnerable, high-risk population. While the role of pediatricians and mental health professionals in providing care for these children is well studied, the surgical needs of this population are not well understood. We sought to characterize the physical trauma and surgical subspecialty needs of this population. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed of all children transported under custody to a stand-alone urban children's hospital...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of emergency room visits in children, and it is a leading cause of death in juveniles in the United States. Similarly, a high proportion of this population consumes diets high in saturated fats, and millions of children are overweight or obese. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to assess the relationship between diet and TBI outcomes in juvenile rats. In the current study, groups of juvenile male Long Evans rats were provided with a combination of a high fat diet (HFD) and a solution of 10% high-fructose corn syrup or a standard chow diet...

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Professionals working with justice-involved youth (JIYs) play a critical role in identifying and providing supports and services related to traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this study was to better understand the knowledge of TBI of professionals working with JIYs, a research priority identified by the National Conference of State Legislatures. Fifty employees of an urban juvenile court system completed an online survey about their TBI knowledge. Respondents scored an average of 77.31% correct, yet patterns emerged in item responses and based on participant characteristics that indicate opportunities for training and education on TBI...

Persons with traumatic brain injuries (TBI) who have engaged in problematic or illegal sexual behavior present with complex assessment and intervention needs yet remain understudied within the empirical literature. In the current exploratory analysis, important differences in adaptive and clinical functioning, adverse childhood experiences, and criminal offense history are examined in 25 persons with previous brain injury, 118 persons with intellectual disability but no known TBI, and 103 persons with no history of brain injury or intellectual disability, all of whom have engaged in problematic sexual behavior and who were residing in secure forensic inpatient care...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among the global youth and commonly results in long-lasting sequelae, including paralysis, epilepsy, and a host of mental disorders such as major depressive disorder. Previous studies were mainly focused on severe TBI as it occurs in adults. This study explored the long-term adverse effect of mild TBI in juvenile animals (mTBI-J). Male Sprague Dawley rats received mTBI-J or sham treatment at six weeks old, then underwent behavioral, biochemical, and histological experiments three weeks later (at nine weeks old)...

Objective: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of TBI patients from 2016 to 2019 admitted to Port Moresby General Hospital (PMGH) of Papua New Guinea (PNG) and compare the results with previous researches to analyze current clinical characteristics and prognosis. Methods: A retrospective study was performed on 389 TBI patients in Port Moresby General Hospital (PMGH) over a 48-month period (from January 2016 to December 2019). The clinical and radiographic data were collected...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability all over the world. TBI leads to (1) an inflammatory response, (2) white matter injuries and (3) neurodegenerative pathologies in the long term. In humans, TBI occurs most often in children and adolescents or in the elderly, and it is well known that immune responses and the neuroregenerative capacities of the brain, among other factors, vary over a lifetime. Thus, age-at-injury can influence the consequences of TBI. Furthermore, age-at-injury also influences the pharmacological effects of drugs...

Psychopathic traits and a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are common among imprisoned individuals. Although previous research has examined correlates of TBI among juvenile offenders, little research has explored the relationship between psychopathic traits and TBI among this population. Study objectives included: (1) examine the association between the history of a TBI and psychopathic traits among juvenile offenders and (2) determine if the history of a TBI predicts the manifestation of different psychopathic factors among juvenile offenders...

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality. We have previously shown that TBI with a concurrent extra-cranial injury reliably leads to post-injury suppression of the innate immune system, but the impact of this injury on the adaptive immune system is unknown. We present data showing that combined injury reduced immune response as assayed in both blood and spleen samples and that these changes parallel apoptosis in the spleen. To assess the clinical relevance of these changes, we examined lungs for spontaneous bacterial colonization...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can occur at any age, from youth to the elderly, and its contribution to age-related neuropathology remains unknown. Few studies have investigated the relationship between age-at-injury and pathophysiology at a discrete biological age. In this study, we report the immunohistochemical analysis of naïve rat brains compared to those subjected to diffuse TBI by midline fluid percussion injury (mFPI) at post-natal day (PND) 17, PND35, 2-, 4-, or 6-months of age. All brains were collected when rats were 10-months of age ( n = 6-7/group)...

Prompt reperfusion is important to rescue ischemic tissue; however, the process itself presents a key pathomechanism that contributes to a poor outcome following cardiac arrest. Experimental data have suggested the use of levosimendan to limit ischemia-reperfusion injury by improving cerebral microcirculation. However, recent studies have questioned this effect. The present study aimed to investigate the influence on hemodynamic parameters, cerebral perfusion and oxygenation following cardiac arrest by ventricular fibrillation in juvenile male pigs...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most severe problems of modern medicine that plays a dominant role in morbidity and mortality in economically developed countries. Our experimental study aimed to evaluate the histological and morphological changes occurring in the liver of adult and juvenile mildly traumatized rats (mTBI) in a time-dependent model. The experiment was performed on 70 adult white rats at three months of age and 70 juvenile rats aged 20 days. The mTBI was modelled by the Impact-Acceleration Model-free fall of weight in the parieto-occipital area...