Formulas for calculation

INTRODUCTION: We sought to determine the test characteristics of an automated INNOVANCE D-dimer assay for the exclusion of pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in emergency department (ED) patients using standard and age-adjusted cut-offs. METHODS: Cross-sectional, international, multicenter study of consecutive patients with suspected DVT or PE in 24 centers (18 USA, 6 Europe). Evaluated patients had low or intermediate Wells PE or DVT scores...

In Part II of this review we consider the very common case of multiple inputs to a measurement process. We derive, using only elementary steps and the basic mathematics covered in Part I, the formula for the propagation of uncertainties from the inputs to the output. The Gaussian density distribution is briefly explained, since an understanding of this distribution is needed for the determination of so-called expanded uncertainties at the end of a measurement process. The propagation formula in general involves correlations among the inputs, although in many cases these correlations can be considered negligible...

Electron-phonon interaction in single-layer phosphorene is studied from first principles based on the density functional theory, using finite displacement method. Scattering rates and the mobility are numerically evaluated for carriers in the conduction and valence bands. A criterion for the selection of phonon wave-vector in scatterings is proposed. Scattering selection rules are studied, utilizing group theory for the structure with D<sub>2 h</sub><sup>7</sup> space group symmetry...

INTRODUCTION: In anteposterior (AP) radiographs, cup position in total hip arthroplasty and acetabular anatomy in hip-preserving surgery are highly influenced by pelvic tilt. The sagittal rotation of the anterior pelvic plane is an important measurement of pelvic tilt during hip surgery. Thus, correct evaluation of cup position and acetabular parameters requires the assessment of pelvic tilt in AP radiographs. METHODS: Changes in pelvic tilt inversely change the height of the lesser pelvis and the obturator foramen in AP radiographs...

The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a predictor of important outcomes and its reduction has been associated with the risk of all-cause mortality in both general population and elderly patients. However while reduced renal function is common in older people, the best method for estimating GFR remains unclear, especially in an acute care setting. Most studies analyzing the accuracy of eGFR in the elderly were carried out in different heterogeneous settings. In this study, we compare the prognostic value of different formulas estimating GFR in predicting the risk of in-hospital morbidity and mortality within 3 months from discharge in elderly hospitalized patients...

BACKGROUND: Free light chains (FLC) have been proposed as diagnostic biomarker in patients with inflammatory central nervous system diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic utility of intrathecal κ- and λ-FLC synthesis in patients with neuroborreliosis. METHODS: κ- and λ-FLC were measured by nephelometry under blinded conditions in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum sample pairs of 34 patients with neuroborreliosis and compared to a cohort of 420 control patients...

Three, mononuclear complexes of the formula [Co(bmim)2(SCN)2] (1), [Co(bmim)2(NCO)2] (2) and [Co(bmim)2(N3)2] (3) [bmim = 1-benzyl-2-methylimidazole] were prepared and structurally analyzed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The cobalt(ii) ions in 1-3 are tetrahedrally coordinated with two bmim molecules and two pseudohalide anions. The angular distortion parameter δ was calculated and the SHAPE program (based on the CShM concept) was used for 1-3 to estimate the angular distortion from an ideal tetrahedron...

RATIONALE: Potassium organotrifluoroborates RBF3 K are important reagents used in organic synthesis. Although mass spectrometry is commonly used to confirm their molecular formulae, the gas-phase fragmentation reactions of organotrifluoroborates and their alkali metal cluster ions have not been previously reported. METHODS: Negative-ion mode electrospray ionization (ESI) together with collision-induced dissociation (CID) using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer were used to examine the fragmentation pathways for RBF3 - (where R = CH3 , CH3 CH2 , CH3 (CH2 )3 , CH3 (CH2 )5 , c-C3 H5 , C6 H5 , C6 H5 CH2 , CH2 CHCH2 , CH2 CH, C6 H5 CO) and M(RBF3 )2 - (M = Na, K), while density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the M06/def2-TZVP level of theory were used to examine the structures and energies associated with fragmentation reactions for R = Me and Ph...

The arterial to end-tidal CO2 difference (P(a-ET) CO2 ) and alveolar dead space fraction (VDalvfrac  = P(a-ET) CO2 /PaCO2 ), are used to estimate Enghoff's "pulmonary dead space" (V/QEng ), a factor which is also influenced by venous admixture and other pulmonary perfusion abnormalities and thus is not just a measure of dead space as the name suggests. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate which factors influence these CO2 indices in anesthetized spontaneously breathing horses. Six healthy adult horses were anesthetized in dorsal recumbency breathing spontaneously for 3 h...

Background: Information about renal function is important for drug safety studies using administrative health databases. However, serum creatinine values are seldom available in these registries. Our aim was to develop and test a simple scheme for stratification of renal function without access to laboratory test results. Methods: Our scheme uses registry data about diagnoses, contacts, dialysis and drug use. We validated the scheme in the Stockholm CREAtinine Measurements (SCREAM) project using information on approximately 1...

Safe and robust batteries are urgently requested today for power sources of electric vehicles. Thus, a growing interest has been noted for fabricating those with solid electrolytes. Materials search by density functional theory (DFT) methods offers great promise for finding new solid electrolytes but the evaluation is known to be computationally expensive, particularly on ion migration property. In this work, we proposed a Bayesian-optimization-driven DFT-based approach to efficiently screen for compounds with low ion migration energies ([Formula: see text]...

In this paper, we demonstrate a method using a frequency comb, which can precisely measure the refractive index of water. We have developed a simple system, in which a Michelson interferometer is placed into a quartz-glass container with a low expansion coefficient, and for which compensation of the thermal expansion of the water container is not required. By scanning a mirror on a moving stage, a pair of cross-correlation patterns can be generated. We can obtain the length information via these cross-correlation patterns, with or without water in the container...

Background: Minute ventilation (MV) and calorific requirement (CR) are both functions of metabolic demand. The Holliday-Segar formula is a weight-based tool for predicting CR. This study was performed to derive an equation, based on the Holliday-Segar formula, for calculating resting MV from body-weight (BW), which is applicable for all age groups. Methods: MV for BW (obtained from Radford normogram) was plotted against CR for BW (as per Holliday-Segar formula), for BWs ranging from neonates to adults...

Excessive negative energy balance (EB) has been associated with decreased reproductive performance and increased risk of lameness and metabolic diseases. On-farm, automated EB estimates for individual cows would enable dairy farmers to detect excessive negative EB early and act to minimize its extent and duration by altering feeding. Previously, we have shown that EB can be estimated from frequent measurements of body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) changes, referred to as EBbody . In this study, we investigated the robustness and sensitivity of the EBbody method to assess its genericity and on-farm applicability...

Two-dimensional (2D) perovskite quantum wells are generating broad scientific interest because of their potential for use in optoelectronic devices. Recently, it has been shown that layers of 2D perovskites can be grown in which the average thicknesses of the quantum wells increase from the back to the front of the film. This geometry carries implications for light harvesting applications because the bandgap of a quantum well decreases as its thickness increases. The general structural formula for the 2D perovskite systems under investigation in this work is (PEA)2 (MA)n-1 [Pbn I3n+1 ] (PEA = phenethyl ammonium, MA = methyl ammonium)...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the readability of published patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) designed for use in adult audiologic rehabilitation. The readability results were compared with the readability levels recommended for health information by health literacy experts. Method: Reading grade levels were calculated using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Formula (Flesch, 1948), Gunning Fog Index (Gunning, 1952), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (McLaughlin, 1969), and FORCAST (Caylor, Sticht, Fox, & Ford, 1973) readability formulas for 10 published PROMs...

PURPOSE: To determine whether preoperative adjustments are required for intraocular lens calculations in combined phacovitrectomy surgery. METHODS: A single-center, retrospective study of 50 eyes that underwent combined phacovitrectomy and a control group of 50 eyes after cataract surgery over a 3-year period by a single anterior segment surgeon and a single posterior segment surgeon. Main outcome measures were predicted refractive error (RE), as determined by SRK/T and Holladay 1 formulas, change compared with actual RE, surgically induced astigmatism, and the relationships between preoperative central foveal thickness or change in central foveal thickness and final RE...

Introduction: Determination of the QT interval dispersion by means of a standard ECG at rest has been widely used for cardiovascular risk assessment during the last 15 years as one of the recent explanations for the development of life threatening ventricular arrhythmias. However, little is known about the relation between QT dispersion and the severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis as defined by SYNTAX score. Aim of work: The present study was done to assess the correlation between QTc dispersion and the severity of coronary artery disease in acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) detected by SYNTAX score...

BACKGROUND: Assessment of pelvic configuration is an important factor in the prediction of a successful vaginal birth. However, manual evaluation of the pelvis is practically a vanishing art, and imaging techniques are not available as a real time bed side tool. Unlike the obstetrical conjugate diameter (OC) and inter spinous diameter (ISD), the pubic arch angle (PAA) can be easily measured by transperineal ultrasound. OBJECTIVES: Three dimensional computed tomography bone reconstructions were used to measure the three main birth canal diameters, evaluate the correlation between them and establish the normal reference range for the inlet, mid- and pelvic outlet...

PURPOSE: To investigate set-up errors, suggest the adequate planning target volume (PTV) margin and image-guided radiotherapy frequency in head and neck (H&N) cancer treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) assessed by kV cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS: We analyzed 360 CBCTs in 60 patients with H&N cancer treated with IMRT. The target delineation was contoured according to ICRU62. PTVs were generated by adding a 3-5 mm margin in all directions to the respective clinical target volumes...