Human error

OBJECTIVE: To design colorimetric and spectral models of gingival shade guides that adequately represent the color of human gingiva. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A previously compiled database on the spectral reflectance of healthy keratinized gingiva was used for optimization. Coverage Error (CE) and Maximal Error (ME) were optimized using CIELAB and CIEDE2000 color difference formulas. A two-phase process included an FCM algorithm and a nonlinear optimization. A t test was used to compare the performance of the different numbers of clusters/tabs in gingival shade guide models (α = ...

Sleep and wakefulness are no longer to be considered as discrete states. During wakefulness brain regions can enter a sleep-like state (off-periods) in response to a prolonged period of activity (local use-dependent sleep). Similarly, during nonREM sleep the slow-wave activity, the hallmark of sleep plasticity, increases locally in brain regions previously involved in a learning task. Recent studies have demonstrated that behavioral performance may be impaired by off-periods in wake in task-related regions...

In a dynamic world, accurate beliefs about the environment are vital for survival, and individuals should therefore regularly seek out new information with which to update their beliefs. This aspect of behaviour is not well captured by standard theories of decision making, and the neural mechanisms of information seeking remain unclear. One recent theory posits that valuation of information results from representation of informative stimuli within canonical neural reward-processing circuits, even if that information lacks instrumental use...

OBJECTIVES: Schistosome infections can damage organs important for water homeostasis, especially the kidneys. Urogenital schistosomiasis (caused by Schistosoma haematobium) increases protein and blood in urine and intestinal schistosomiasis (caused by S. mansoni) affects total body water. However, no data exist on how different schistosome species affect urine specific gravity (USG), a hydration biomarker. Therefore, we assessed the relationship between S. haematobium- and S. mansoni-infected and uninfected women and USG in rural Tanzania...

INTRODUCTION: The effects of masticatory muscles' overloading on jaw-motor control are not yet fully clarified. Therefore, it was tested whether eccentric and concentric exercises of the human masticatory muscles would influence inhibitory jaw-reflex responses. METHODS: 11 participants (6 males, 5 females) performed 6, 5-min bouts of eccentric-concentric contractions. Before, immediately after, 24 hours, 48 hours, and one week afterwards, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for jaw-muscle fatigue and pain, maximum voluntary bite force (MVBF), and inhibitory jaw reflexes were recorded...

PURPOSE: Successful use of augmented reality for laparoscopic surgery requires that the surgeon has a thorough understanding of the likely accuracy of any overlay. Whilst the accuracy of such systems can be estimated in the laboratory, it is difficult to extend such methods to the in vivo clinical setting. Herein we describe a novel method that enables the surgeon to estimate in vivo errors during use. We show that the method enables quantitative evaluation of in vivo data gathered with the SmartLiver image guidance system...

Metabolomics holds considerable promise to advance our understanding of human disease, including our understanding of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). The application of metabolomics in IEM research has already led to the discovery of several novel IEMs and the identification of novel IEM biomarkers. However, with hundreds of known IEMs and more than 700 associated IEM metabolites, it is becoming increasingly challenging for clinical researchers to keep track of IEMs, their associated metabolites, and their corresponding metabolic mechanisms...

Background/Objective: Human walking involves the coordination of brain, nerves, and muscles. A disturbance in their coordination may result in gait disorder. The gait disorder may be treated through manually assisted gait training or with the aid of assistive devices/robotic devices. These robotic devices involve mechanisms which are synthesized using complex conventional procedures. Therefore, in this study, a new gait-based synthesis procedure is proposed, which simplifies the mechanism synthesis and helps to develop a mechanism which can be used in rehabilitation devices, bipeds, etc...

BACKGROUND: Manual cleaning and disinfection of the operating room (OR) environment may be inadequate due to human error. No-touch technologies, such as pulsed-xenon ultraviolet light (PX-UV), can be used as an adjunct to manual cleaning processes to reduce surface contamination in the OR. This article reports the cumulative results from 23 hospitals across the United States that performed microbiologic validation of PX-UV disinfection after manual cleaning. METHODS: We obtained samples from 732 high-touch surfaces in 136 ORs at 23 hospitals, after manual terminal cleaning, and again after PX-UV disinfection (n = 1464 surface samples)...

BACKGROUND: The Doppler is thought to be more comfortable and effective compared to the fetoscope for assessing the fetal heart rate (FHR) during labor. However, in a rural Tanzanian hospital, midwives who had easy access to both devices mostly used fetoscope. This study explored midwives' perception of factors influencing their preference for using either a Pinard fetoscope or a FreePlay wind-up Doppler for intermittent FHR monitoring. METHODS: Midwives who had worked for at least 6 months in the labor ward were recruited...

Patient blood management (PBM) is a widely established international initiative, with a multidisciplinary approach to reduce transfusion. The Transfusion Practitioner (TP) role is well embedded in the United Kingdom (UK) and Australia. The value of the TP in changing both culture and practice to implement an all-inclusive PBM approach to care will be discussed. The TP role was born from both a safety and haemovigilance culture, where the greatest identified risk to the patient undergoing a transfusion was human error...

Sequencing thousands of human genomes has enabled breakthroughs in many areas, among them precision medicine, the study of rare diseases, and forensics. However, mass collection of such sensitive data entails enormous risks if not protected to the highest standards. In this article, we follow the position and argue that post-alignment privacy is not enough and that data should be automatically protected as early as possible in the genomics workflow, ideally immediately after the data is produced. We show that a previous approach for filtering short reads cannot extend to long reads and present a novel filtering approach that classifies raw genomic data (i...

Introduction: Breast cancer care imposes a significant financial burden to U.S. healthcare systems. Health services factors, such as insurance benefit type and care source, may impact costs to the health system. Beneficiaries in the U.S. Military Health System (MHS) have universal healthcare coverage and access to a network of military facilities (direct care) and private practices (purchased care). This study aims to quantify and compare breast cancer care costs to the MHS by insurance benefit type and care source...

Reports an error in "Beyond Sacrificial Harm: A Two-Dimensional Model of Utilitarian Psychology" by Guy Kahane, Jim A. C. Everett, Brian D. Earp, Lucius Caviola, Nadira S. Faber, Molly J. Crockett and Julian Savulescu ( Psychological Review , Advanced Online Publication, Dec 21, 2017, np). The copyright attribution was incorrectly listed, and the Creative Commons CC-BY license disclaimer was incorrectly omitted from the author note. The correct copyright is "© 2017 The Author(s)" and the omitted disclaimer is presented in the erratum...

The Old World screwworm fly (OWSF), Chrysomya bezziana (Diptera: Calliphoridae), is an important agent of traumatic myiasis and, as such, a major human and animal health problem. In the implementation of OWSF control operations, it is important to determine the geographical origins of such disease-causing species in order to establish whether they derive from endemic or invading populations. Gross morphological and molecular studies have demonstrated the existence of two distinct lineages of this species, one African and the other Asian...

Aim: The objective of this study was to establish environmental factors related to scorpion species occurrence and their current potential geographic distributions in Morocco, to produce a current envenomation risk map and also to assess the human population at risk of envenomation. Materials and Methods: In this study, 71 georeferenced points for all scorpion species and nine environmental indicators were used to generate species distribution models in Maxent (maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions) version 3...

The corpus callosum is the largest white matter tract in the human brain connecting and coordinating homologous regions of the right and left hemispheres and has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of psychosis. We investigated corpus callosum morphology in a large community cohort of 917 individuals (aged 8-21), including 267 endorsing subsyndromal or threshold psychotic symptoms (207 on the psychosis spectrum and 60 with limited psychosis based on previously published criteria) and 650 non-psychotic volunteers...

PURPOSE: To introduce and evaluate an image registration technique for robust quantification of CEST acquisitions corrupted by motion. METHODS: The proposed iterative algorithm exploits a low-rank approximation of the z-spectrum (LRAZ), to gradually separate the contrast variation due to saturation at different off-resonance frequencies and accompanying motion. This registration method was first tested in a creatine CEST analysis of a phantom with simulated rigid motion...

AIMS: Insulin glargine, a long-acting human insulin analogue, allows for once-daily basal use in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). MYL-1501D is a proposed insulin glargine biosimilar. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Safety and efficacy of MYL-1501D and reference insulin glargine were evaluated in INSTRIDE 1: a 52-week, open-label, randomized, phase 3 study in patients with T1DM. The primary objective was to determine whether once-daily MYL-1501D was noninferior to once-daily insulin glargine when administered in combination with mealtime insulin lispro based on change in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c ) from baseline to week 24...

Serial reversal learning of colour discriminations was assessed as an index of behavioural flexibility in two captive species of Neotropical parrots. Both species showed similar performances across serial reversals and no between species differences were observed. In a second task subjects' performances were assessed after they experienced either a low or high pre-reversal learning criterion. If reversal performances improve through processes of associative learning, a high pre-reversal criterion is expected to strengthen previously learned associations and hence impede post-reversal performances...