Geissman

A short, asymmetric synthesis of tetrahydro-2 H -furo[3,2- b ]pyrrole derivatives and (-)-Geissman-Waiss lactone starting from meso -cyclohexadiene epoxide is described. Pivotal transformations in the developed synthetic procedure include asymmetric epoxide ring opening to install the requisite 1 S ,5 S stereocenters and oxidative lactonization/lactamization sequences. This route provides a streamlined synthetic pathway toward necine alkaloids.

The current model for the end-Permian terrestrial ecosystem crisis holds that systematic loss exhibited by an abrupt turnover from the Daptocephalus to the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone (AZ; Karoo Basin, South Africa) is time equivalent with the marine Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB). The marine event began at 251.941 ± 0.037 Ma, with the PTB placed at 251.902 ± 0.024 Ma (2σ). Radio-isotopic dates over this interval in the Karoo Basin were limited to one high resolution ash-fall deposit in the upper Daptocephalus AZ (253...

The Newark-Hartford astrochronostratigraphic polarity timescale (APTS) was developed using a theoretically constant 405-kiloyear eccentricity cycle linked to gravitational interactions with Jupiter-Venus as a tuning target and provides a major timing calibration for about 30 million years of Late Triassic and earliest Jurassic time. While the 405-ky cycle is both unimodal and the most metronomic of the major orbital cycles thought to pace Earth's climate in numerical solutions, there has been little empirical confirmation of that behavior, especially back before the limits of orbital solutions at about 50 million years before present...

A synthesis of 11-methoxy mitragynine pseudoindoxyl, a new member of the mitragynine class of opioid agonists, from a derivative of the Geissman-Waiss lactone is described. An internal attack of an electron-rich aromatic ring on an electrophilic nitrilium ion and a late-stage construction of the functionalized piperidine ring by the method of reductive cyclization are the pivotal transformations; both ring annulations proceed in a highly diastereoselective fashion. The construction of substituted indoxyl frameworks by the interrupted Ugi method offers an attractive alternative to the strategy of oxidatively rearranging indoles...

Ureteric herniations are extremely rare. We are reporting the case of a 57-year-old female presenting with an upper urinary tract sepsis due to a pelvic ureteral herniation into the supra-piriform sciatic foramen. The diagnosis was made by the CT scan and the treatment was performed in two steps: first the upper urinary tract was drained, and then the hernia was surgically treated. Although ureteral hernias are exceptional causes for nephritic colic, urologists must be aware of the specificity of the diagnosis and of the treatment in order to avoid complications...

The potential for increased drought frequency and severity linked to anthropogenic climate change in the semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States (US) is a serious concern. Multi-year droughts during the instrumental period and decadal-length droughts of the past two millennia were shorter and climatically different from the future permanent, 'dust-bowl-like' megadrought conditions, lasting decades to a century, that are predicted as a consequence of warming. So far, it has been unclear whether or not such megadroughts occurred in the southwestern US, and, if so, with what regularity and intensity...

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IFN-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDC) were initially described as B220(+)CD11c(+)CD3(-)NK1.1(+) tumor-infiltrating cells that mediated part of the antitumor effects of the combination therapy with imatinib mesylate and IL-2. In this study, we show their functional dependency on IL-15 during homeostasis and inflammatory processes. Trans-presentation of IL-15 by IL-15Ralpha allows dramatic expansion of IKDC in vitro and in vivo, licenses IKDC for TRAIL-dependent killing and endows IKDC with immunizing potential, all three biological attributes not shared by B220(-)NK cells...