Myelination microglia

The central nervous system (CNS) is an essential hub for neuronal communication. As a major component of the CNS, glial cells are vital in the maintenance and regulation of neuronal network dynamics. Research on microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the CNS, has advanced considerably in recent years, and our understanding of their diverse functions continues to grow. Microglia play critical roles in the formation and regulation of neuronal synapses, myelination, responses to injury, neurogenesis, inflammation, and many other physiological processes...

The underlying mechanisms for the beneficial effects exerted by bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in treating repetitive traumatic brain injury (rTBI)-induced long-term sensorimotor/cognitive impairments are not fully elucidated. Herein, we aimed to explore whether BM-MSCs therapy protects against rTBI-induced long-term neurobehavioral disorders in rats via normalizing white matter integrity and gray matter microglial response. Rats were subjected to repeated mild lateral fluid percussion on day 0 and day 3...

OBJECTIVE: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system disease whose white matter lesion origin remains debated. Recently, we reported subtle changes in the MS normal appearing white matter (NAWM), presenting with an increase in myelin blisters and myelin protein citrullination, which may recapitulate some of the prodromal degenerative processes involved in MS pathogenesis. Here, to clarify the relevance of these changes for subsequent MS myelin degeneration we explored their prevalence in WM regions characterized by subtly reduced myelination (dubbed as micro-diffusely abnormal white matter, mDAWM)...

BACKGROUND: Microglia activation and oligodendrocyte maturation are critical for remyelination after cerebral ischemia. Studies have shown that enriched environment (EE) can effectively alleviate stroke-induced neurological deficits. However, little is known about the mechanism associated with glial cells underlying the neuroprotection of EE. Therefore, this study focuses on investigating the effect of EE on activated microglia polarization as well as oligodendrogenesis in the progress of remyelination following cerebral ischemia...

Demyelination is a proper syndrome in plenty of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, which is the main obstacle to recovery and still lacks an effective treatment. To overcome the limitations of the brain-blood barrier on drug permeability, we modified an exosome secreted by neural stem cells (NSCs), which had transfected with lentivirus armed with platelet-derived growth factors A (PDGFA)-ligand. Through the in vivo and in vitro exosomes targeting test, the migration ability to the lesion areas and OPCs significantly improved after ligand modification...

Hericium erinaceus mycelium extract (HEM), containing erinacine A (HeA) and erinacine S (HeS), has shown promise in promoting the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) into mature oligodendrocytes (OLs), crucial for myelin production in the central nervous system (CNS). The main aim of this study was to characterize the protective effects of HEM and its components on OLs and myelin in demyelinating rodents by exposure to cuprizone (CPZ), a copper chelating agent commonly used to induce demyelination in the corpus callosum of the brain...

Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. In our previous studies, we showed that wheat bran extract (WBE) reduced white matter damage in a rat VaD model and improved memory in a human clinical trial. However, starch gelatinization made the large-scale preparation of WBE difficult. To simplify the manufacturing process and increase efficacy, we attempted to find a decoction containing an optimum ratio of wheat bran, sliced citrus peel, and sliced jujube (WCJ)...

INTRODUCTION: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder, primarily affects the motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord. Like other neurodegenerative conditions, ongoing pathological processes such as increased inflammation, excitotoxicity, and protein accumulation contribute to neuronal death. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling through the MET receptor promotes pro-survival, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects in multiple cell types, including the neurons and support cells of the nervous system...

Demyelination is the loss of myelin in CNS, resulting in damaged myelin sheath. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play a key role in inducing demyelinating diseases like MS; hence, controlling oxidative stress and neuroinflammation is important. Cuprizone (CPZ), a copper chelator, generates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, thereby inducing demyelination. Therefore, the CPZ-induced demyelinating mouse model (CPZ model) is widely used in research. The present study was intended to unravel a mechanism of inhibition of demyelination by arsenic in a CPZ model, which is otherwise known for its toxicity...

AIMS: To study the role of Aucubin (AU) in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and investigate the potential mechanisms. METHODS: For the in vitro experiment, primary microglia were cultured and stimulated by Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and treated with AU. Male C57/BL6J mice were used and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was performed to induce cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. For the short-term effects, mice administrated with AU (40 mg/kg) for 3 days after MCAO were evaluated for the infarct volume and neurological deficits...

Obesity reduces or increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) depending on whether it is assessed in mid-life or late-life. There is currently no consensus on the relationship between obesity and AD or the mechanism or their interaction. Here, we aim to differentiate the cause-and-effect relationship between obesity and AD in a controlled rat model of AD. We induced obesity in 9-month-old TgF344-AD rats, that is pathology-load wise similar to early symptomatic phase of human AD. To more accurately model human obesity, we fed both TgF344-AD and non-transgenic littermates a varied high-carbohydrate-high-fat diet consisting of human food for 3 months...

A significant problem in the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) is the heterogeneity of secondary injury and the prediction of neurologic outcome. Imaging biomarkers specific to myelin loss and inflammation after tSCI would enable detailed assessment of the pathophysiologic processes underpinning secondary damage to the cord. Such biomarkers could be used to biologically stratify injury severity and better inform prognosis for neurologic recovery. While much work has been done to establish MRI biomarkers for SCI in animal models, the relationship between imaging findings and the underlying pathology has been difficult to discern in human tSCI due to the paucity of human spinal cord tissue...

Central nervous system (CNS) injuries induce cell death and consequently the release of myelin and other cellular debris. Microglia as well as hematogenous macrophages actively collaborate to phagocyte them and undergo their degradation. However, myelin accumulation persists in the lesion site long after the injury with detrimental effects on axonal regeneration. This might be due to the presence of inhibitors of phagocytosis in the injury site. As we recently published that some proinflammatory stimuli, like interferon-γ (IFNγ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), inhibit myelin phagocytosis in macrophages, we have now studied the signaling pathways involved...

BACKGROUND: Children born to obese mothers are at increased risk of developing mood disorders and cognitive impairment. Experimental studies have reported structural changes in the brain such as the gliovascular unit as well as activation of neuroinflammatory cells as a part of neuroinflammation processing in aged offspring of obese mothers. However, the molecular mechanisms linking maternal obesity to poor neurodevelopmental outcomes are not well established. The ephrin system plays a major role in a variety of cellular processes including cell-cell interaction, synaptic plasticity, and long-term potentiation...

Background: Air pollution particulate matter (PM) exposure and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) contribute to white matter toxicity through shared mechanisms of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and myelin breakdown. Prior studies showed that exposure of mice to joint PM and CCH caused supra-additive injury to corpus callosum white matter. This study examines the role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in mediating neurotoxicity and myelin damage observed in joint PM and CCH exposures. Methods: Experiments utilized a novel murine model of inducible monocyte/microglia-specific TLR4 knockout (i-mTLR4-ko)...

BACKGROUND: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders with higher incidence in males and is characterized by atypical verbal/nonverbal communication, restricted interests that can be accompanied by repetitive behavior, and disturbances in social behavior. This study investigated brain mechanisms that contribute to sociability deficits and sex differences in an ASD animal model. METHODS: Sociability was measured in C58/J and C57BL/6J mice using the 3-chamber social choice test...

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a peptide hormone essential for the proper development and growth of the organism, as a complete knockout of Igf1 in mice is lethal, causing microcephaly, growth retardation and the defective development of organs. In the central nervous system, neurons and glia have been reported to express Igf1 , but their relative importance for postnatal development has not yet been fully defined. In order to address this, here, we obtained mice with a microglia-specific inducible conditional knockout of Igf1 ...

Demyelination and failure of remyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) characterize a number of neurological disorders. Spontaneous remyelination in demyelinating diseases is limited, as oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which are often present in demyelinated lesions in abundance, mostly fail to differentiate into oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells in the CNS. In addition to OPCs, the lesions are assembled numbers of activated resident microglia/infiltrated macrophages; however, the mechanisms and potential role of interactions between the microglia/macrophages and OPCs are poorly understood...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a global epidemic that due to its increasing prevalence worldwide will likely become the most common debilitating health condition. Even if diabetes is primarily a metabolic disorder, it is now well established that key aspects of the pathogenesis of diabetes are associated with nervous system alterations, including deleterious chronic inflammation of neural tissues, referred here as neuroinflammation, along with different detrimental glial cell responses to stress conditions and neurodegenerative features...

Central nervous system (CNS) lesions can repeatedly be de-and remyelinated during demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we designed an intermittent demyelination model by 0.3 % Cuprizone feeding in C57/BL6 mice followed by two weeks recovery. Histochemical staining of luxol fast blue (LFB) was used for study of remyelination, detection of glial and endothelial cells was performed by immunohistochemistry staining for the following antibodies: anti Olig2 for oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, anti APC for mature oligodendrocytes, anti GFAP for astrocytes, and anti Iba-1 for microglia/macrophages, anti iNOS for M1 microglia/macrophage phenotype, anti TREM-2 for M2 microglia/macrophage phenotype and anti CD31 for endothelial cells...