Immune exosome

INTRODUCTION: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) involve in destabilising messenger RNA or repressing translation of target molecules. Ginger-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GELNs) play a crucial role in modulating intestinal inflammation. Moreover, GELNs contain highly heterogeneous miRNA. However, the role of miRNAs derived from GELNs in immunomodulation remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to elucidate the molecular basis of the unique biological effects mediated by miRNA derived from GELNs on macrophages...

Poliovirus receptor-related 2 (PVRL2, also known as nectin-2 or CD112) is believed to act as an immune checkpoint protein in cancer; however, most insight into its role is inferred from studies on its known receptor, poliovirus receptor (PVR)-related immunoglobulin domain protein (PVRIG, also known as CD112R). Here, we study PVRL2 itself. PVRL2 levels were found to be high in tumor cells and tumor-derived exosomes. Deletion of PVRL2 in multiple syngeneic mouse models of cancer showed a dramatic reduction in tumor growth that was immune dependent...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the serum biomarkers in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). METHODS: A total of 9 DRE patients and 9 controls were enrolled. Serum from DRE patients was prospectively collected and analyzed for potential serum biomarkers using TMT18-labeled proteomics. After fine quality control, bioinformatics analysis was conducted to find differentially expressed proteins. Pathway enrichment analysis identified some biological features shared by differential proteins...

INTRODUCTION: Exosome-enriched small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are nanosized organelles known to participate in long distance communication between cells, including in the skin. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease for which filaggrin ( FLG ) gene mutations are the strongest genetic risk factor. Filaggrin insufficiency affects multiple cellular function, but it is unclear if sEV-mediated cellular communication originating from the affected keratinocytes is also altered, and if this influences peptide and lipid antigen presentation to T cells in the skin...

Exosomes are indispensable for intercellular communications. Tumor microenvironment (TME) is the living environment of tumor cells, which is composed of various components, including immune cells. Based on TME, immunotherapy has been recently developed for eradicating cancer cells by reactivating antitumor effect of immune cells. The communications between tumor cells and TME are crucial for tumor development, metastasis, and drug resistance. Exosomes play an important role in mediating these communications and regulating the reprogramming of TME, which affects the sensitivity of immunotherapy...

Heart failure is a root cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to the limited regenerative capacity of the heart following myocardial injury, stem cell-based therapies have been considered a hopeful approach for improving cardiac regeneration. In recent years, different kinds of cell products have been investigated regarding their potential to treat patients with heart failure. Despite special attention to cell therapy and its products, therapeutic efficacy has been disappointing, and clinical application is not affordable...

The environment created during embryogenesis contributes to reducing aberrations that drive structural malformations and tumorigenesis. In this study, we investigate the anti-cancer effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from 2 different gestational tissues, the amniotic fluid (AF) and the chorionic villi (CV), with emphasis on their secretome. Transcriptomic analysis was performed on patient-derived AF- and CV-MSCs collected during prenatal diagnosis and identified both mRNAs and lncRNAs, involved in tissue homeostasis and inhibiting biological processes associated with the etiology of aggressive cancers while regulating immune pathways shown to be important in chronic disorders...

AIM: The aim was to build an exosome-related gene (ERG) risk model for thyroid cancer (TC) patients. METHODS: Note that, 510 TC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and 121 ERGs from the ExoBCD database were obtained. Differential gene expression analysis was performed to get ERGs in TC (TERGs). Functional enrichment analyses including Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were conducted on the TERGs. Then we constructed a model based on LASSO Cox regression analysis...

As important messengers of intercellular communication, exosomes can regulate local and distant cellular communication by transporting specific exosomal contents and can also promote or suppress the development and progression of gastric cancer (GC) by regulating the growth and proliferation of tumor cells, the tumor-related immune response and tumor angiogenesis. Exosomes transport bioactive molecules including DNA, proteins, and RNA (coding and noncoding) from donor cells to recipient cells, causing reprogramming of the target cells...

In this editorial, we comment on the article by Lyu et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology (2023; 2219-2840). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequently encountered and highly aggressive primary liver cancer, which remains the third-commonest cause of cancer-related death despite the current therapeutic modalities. There is urgency in developing novel therapeutic approaches, such as by manipulating extracellular vesicles, which constitute a highly heterogeneous nanoparticle population that contains various cargoes...

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative disease of the joint with irreversible cartilage damage as the main pathological feature. With the development of regenerative medicine, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been found to have strong therapeutic potential. However, intraarticular MSCs injection therapy is limited by economic costs and ethics. Exosomes derived from MSC (MSC-Exos), as the important intercellular communication mode of MSCs, contain nucleic acid, proteins, lipids, microRNAs, and other biologically active substances...

Biological macromolecules identified in albumen were found benefit to intestinal health, whether albumen contains exosomes and function of their cargos in intestinal inflammation remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate characteristics and cargos of albumen exosomes, as well as their potential roles in alleviating inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells. Our results demonstrated that albumen contains exosomes that are cup-shaped morphology vesicles with diameter ranging from 50 to 200 nm. There were 278 miRNAs and 45 proteins with higher expression levels in albumen exosomes, and they were mainly involved in immune responses and programmed cell death pathways, including apoptosis and p53 signaling pathway...

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer remains a global health challenge, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. Immunomodulation and immunotherapy have emerged as promising strategies for breast cancer treatment. Engineered exosomes are the sort of exosomes modified with surface decoration and internal therapeutic molecules. Through suitable modifications, engineered exosomes exhibit the capability to overcome the limitations associated with traditional therapeutic approaches. This ability opens up novel avenues for the development of more effective, personalized, and minimally invasive interventions...

BACKGROUND: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) present in oviductal (OF) and uterine fluid (UF) have been shown to enhance bovine embryo quality during in vitro culture by reducing lipid contents and modulating lipid metabolism-related genes (LMGs), while also influencing cell proliferation, suggesting their involvement on the regulation of different biological pathways. The regulation of signaling pathways related to cell differentiation, proliferation, and metabolism is crucial for early embryo development and can determine the success or failure of the pregnancy...

RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the effect of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-Exos) on the pyroptosis and recovery of granulosa cells in autoimmune premature ovarian insufficiency (POI)? DESIGN: In vitro, KGN cells were exposed to interferon-gamma to simulate immune injury. Samples were collected after a 48 h incubation with MSC-Exos (30 μg/ml). The cell viability, secretion of oestrogen and expression of key molecules in pyroptosis and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway were tested...

The complex pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE), a significant contributor to maternal and neonatal mortality globally, is poorly understood despite substantial research. This review explores the involvement of exosomal microRNAs (exomiRs) in PE, focusing on their impact on the protein kinase B (AKT)/hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway as well as endothelial cell proliferation and migration. Specifically, this article amalgamates existing evidence to reveal the pivotal role of exomiRs in regulating mesenchymal stem cell and trophoblast function, placental angiogenesis, the renin-angiotensin system, and nitric oxide production, which may contribute to PE etiology...

Cancer immunotherapy and vaccine development have significantly improved the fight against cancers. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, particularly in the clinical delivery of immunomodulatory compounds. The tumor microenvironment (TME), comprising macrophages, fibroblasts, and immune cells, plays a crucial role in immune response modulation. Nanoparticles, engineered to reshape the TME, have shown promising results in enhancing immunotherapy by facilitating targeted delivery and immune modulation...

Exosomes play a crucial role in facilitating intercellular communication within organisms. Emerging evidence indicates that a distinct variant of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), found on the surface of exosomes, may be responsible for orchestrating systemic immunosuppression that counteracts the efficacy of anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) checkpoint therapy. Specifically, the presence of PD-L1 on exosomes enables them to selectively target PD-1 on the surface of CD8+ T cells, leading to T cell apoptosis and impeding T cell activation or proliferation...

Exosomes are vesicles with a lipid bilayer structure that carry various active substances, such as proteins, DNA, non-coding RNA, and nucleic acids; these participate in the immune response, tissue formation, and cell communication. Owing to their low immunogenicity, exosomes play a key role in regulating the skeletal immune environment. Macrophages are important immune cells that swallow various cellular and tissue fragments. M1-like and M2-like macrophages differentiate to play pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and repair roles following stimulation...

Exosomes, also termed extracellular vesicles (EVs), are an important component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and exert versatile effects on the molecular communications in the TME of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Exosome-mediated intercellular communication is closely associated with the tumorigenesis and development of HCC. Exosomes can be extracted through ultracentrifugation and size exclusion, followed by molecular analysis through sequencing. Increasing studies have confirmed the important roles of exosome-derived ncRNAs in HCC, including tumorigenesis, progression, immune escape, and treatment resistance...