Ritalin

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Psychostimulants such as methylphenidate (MPD) and amphetamine (AMP) are often prescribed to young children and adolescents to treat behavioral disorders, or used to improve their intellectual performance in our competitive society. This is concerning as the temporal effects of how MPD exposure at a young age influences the response to MPD and AMP administration later in adulthood remains unclear. The objective of this study was to test whether MPD has the characteristics of substances that elicit behavioral symptoms of dependence and whether those effects are influenced by the initial age of MPD exposure...

Some studies have shown that Ritalin can interfere with the growth and development of the reproductive system and can also have a serious and harmful effect on sperm parameters, so we decided to conduct studies in this field on the human sample. In a case-control study, 100 adult men aged 21-31 years with hyperactivity were divided into two groups of 50 past users and 50 current users and, 50 patients who had not used Ritalin before were included as the control group. Data were analysed using SPSS software, version 20...

BACKGROUND: Estimating the number of people using illicit drugs and alcohol is necessary for informing health policy and programming. However, it is often challenging to reliably estimate the size of these marginalized populations through direct methods. In this study, we estimated the population size of these groups using the indirect Network Scale-Up (NSU) method in Iran from 2015 to 2016. METHODS: Using a self-administered questionnaire, we asked 15 124 individuals (54% men) about the number of people they know who used different types of drugs at least once in the past 12 months...

BACKGROUND: Methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) is a psychostimulant widely used in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), as well as a performance enhancer, for at least 60 years. Despite the notable effectiveness as a psychostimulant, ADHD is a chronic disorder and has a two-third chance of accompanying the individual throughout life. Long-term use of MPH has been associated not only with an increase in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, but it also causes side effects on male fertility in experimental animals...

BACKGROUND: Methylphenidate (MPH), also called Ritalin, is used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. With occasional reports of subjects suffering from Methylphenidate use disorder (MPHUD), few studies analyzed the neuropsychological changes in this population. PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of individuals with MPHUD. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 61 MPH patients (aged 16-27 years) admitted to the Beijing Gaoxin Hospital drug rehabilitation program from Jan 2017 to Mar 2019...

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2 ) is a very selective oxidant that reacts with electron-rich moieties such as activated amines and thus can degrade specific N -containing micropollutants. N -containing heterocycles (NCHs) are among the most frequent moieties of pharmaceuticals. In this study, the reactions of ClO2 with ritalinic acid and cetirizine, two abundant micropollutants, and model compounds representing their NCH moiety were investigated. The pH-dependent apparent reaction rates of all NCHs with ClO2 were measured and modeled...

Methylphenidate (MPD) is a psychostimulant that is widely prescribed to treat attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, but it is abused recreationally as well. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is part of the motivation circuit implicated in drug-seeking behaviors. The NAc neuronal activity was recorded alongside the behavioral activity from young and adult rats to determine if there are significant differences in the response to MPD. The same dose of MPD elicits behavioral sensitization in some animals and behavioral tolerance in others...

Concerta and Ritalin LA are methylphenidate (MPH) drugs with different release mechanisms. Generic bioequivalence (BE) to these conventionally uses pAUC (partial area under the curve) as metrics in addition to Cmax (maximum concentration), AUC0-t (area from time 0 to time t), and AUC0-infinity. The recommended BE design was a standard two-formulation, two-sequence, and two-period crossover; however, the currently recommended design is a replicated crossover to better define subject-by-formulation interaction variance...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative method for the analysis of methylphenidate, the analog ethylphenidate and their metabolite ritalinic acid in oral fluid, using micro-QuEChERS extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Oral fluid samples were collected with Quantisal™ device, extracted by micro-QuEChERS technique and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The developed method met the validation criteria of Academy Standards Board (ASB) Standard Practices for Method Validation in Forensic Toxicology (Standard 036, 2019) with limits of detection and quantification of 0...

The psychostimulants-amphetamine and methylphenidate-have been in clinical use for well more than 60 years. In general, both stimulants are rapidly absorbed with relatively poor bioavailability and short half-lives. The pharmacokinetics of both stimulants are generally linear and dose proportional although substantial interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics is in evidence. Amphetamine (AMP) is highly metabolized by several oxidative enzymes forming multiple metabolites while methylphenidate (MPH) is primarily metabolized by hydrolysis to the inactive metabolite ritalinic acid...

Based on core symptoms of inattention and deficient impulse control, and the identification of effective pharmacotherapies such as amphetamine (AMP; Adderall® ), methylphenidate (MPH; Ritalin® ), and atomoxetine (ATX; Strattera® ), ADHD is a clinical condition which provides opportunity for translational research. Neuropsychological tests such as the 5-Choice and Continuous Performance Tasks, which measure aspects of attention and impulse control in animals and humans, provide scope for both forward (animal to human) and reverse (human to animal) translation...

The two major human carboxylesterases (CESs), CES1 and CES2 play a key role in the hydrolysis of xenobiotic esters including aspirin, methylphenidate (Ritalin), and the illicit narcotics cocaine and heroin. CES-mediated metabolism of ester containing drugs can result in their activation or deactivation and enhance clearance. Despite the established role of CESs in drug metabolism, few techniques exist to study their activity in live cells. Fluorescent chemical tools have been developed to be able to expand the methods used to study CES activity, however, many existing fluorescent chemical tools are not sufficiently characterized to be able to confidently study CES activity in live cells...

Causal perturbations provide the strongest tests of the relationships between brain mechanism and brain function. In cognitive neuroscience, persuasive causal perturbations are difficult to achieve. In a recent paper, Ni et al. cleverly use the neuropsychiatric drug methylphenidate (Ritalin) to causally test the brain mechanisms that support goal-directed attention.

Most systems neuroscience studies fall into one of two categories: basic science work aimed at understanding the relationship between neurons and behavior, or translational work aimed at developing treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we use these two approaches to inform and enhance each other. Our study both tests hypotheses about basic science neural coding principles and elucidates the neuronal mechanisms underlying clinically relevant behavioral effects of systemically administered methylphenidate (Ritalin)...

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects approximately 5-7% of school-age children. ADHD is usually marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity, leading to functioning or developmental problems. A common ADHD assessment tool is the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham (SNAP) questionnaire. However, such scales provide only a subjective perspective, and most of them are used to evaluate therapeutic effects at least 3-12 months after medication initiation. Therefore, we employed an objective assessment method to provide more accurate evaluations of therapeutic effects in 25 children with ADHD (23 boys and 2 girls)...

(1) Background: This meta-analysis aimed to assess the relationship between identifying as transgender and substance use. (2) Methods: We searched for relevant studies in PubMed, Scopus, the Web of Science, and PsycINFO on 21 July 2021. (3) Results: Twenty studies comparing transgender and cisgender people were included in this work, accounting for a total of 2,376,951 participants (18,329 of whom were transgender). These articles included data on current tobacco use, current tobacco use disorder, current alcohol use, current alcohol use disorder, lifetime substance (all) use, current substance use (excluding tobacco and alcohol), current use of specific substances (excluding tobacco and alcohol and including cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, ecstasy, stimulants, heroin, opiates, cannabis, marijuana, LSD, hallucinogens, steroids, inhalants, sedatives, Ritalin or Adderall, diet pills, cold medicine, prescription medications, polysubstance, other club drugs, and other illegal drugs), and current substance use disorder (excluding tobacco and alcohol)...

Excipient Lung Disease is an inflammatory response to the intravenous administration of oral formulations of drugs and their excipients (additives). Previously described offenders include opioids and Ritalin, whose excipients, when crushed and administered intravenously, lead to inflammation and are demonstrated by centrilobular nodules and ground-glass formations on Chest Computed Tomography. In this case report, we demonstrate Chest CT findings of excipient lung disease in a patient using etizolam, a benzodiazepine derivative commonly used as an anxiolytic in Japan...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.