Dpp-4 inhibitors

Background : The aim of this study is to compare the effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) on the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes (DM2). Methods: We systematically searched the databases Pubmed, Embase, and Clinicaltrials up to October 2, 2023, for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of drugs from the GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, and DPP-4i groups, with at least 24 weeks duration, including adult patients with DM2 and reported ocular complications...

This review summarizes the complex relationship between medications used to treat type 2 diabetes and bone health. T2DM patients face an increased fracture risk despite higher bone mineral density; thus, we analyzed the impact of key drug classes, including Metformin, Sulphonylureas, SGLT-2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, and Thiazolidinediones. Metformin, despite promising preclinical results, lacks a clear consensus on its role in reducing fracture risk. Sulphonylureas present conflicting data, with potential neutral effects on bone...

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone known for its pivotal role in enhancing insulin secretion and reducing glucagon release from the pancreas. Diabetic nephropathy, which is characterized by albuminuria, represents a significant microvascular complication of diabetes. Most of the previous studies mainly focused on the therapeutic renal protective effect in clinical trials after the administration of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), rather than before administration. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the association between fasting plasma GLP-1 levels and albuminuria before GLP-1 RA administration...

INTRODUCTION: Patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and chronic kidney disease (T2DM-CKD) have a 5 times higher risk of developing severe SARS-CoV-2 infection than those without these 2 diseases. The goal of this study is to provide information on T2DM-CKD and COVID-19 outcomes, with an emphasis on the association with anti-diabetic medications. METHODOLOGY: Study is designed as a retrospective cohort analysis covering the years 2020 and 2021. Data from the National Diabetes Registry (CroDiab) were linked to hospital data, primary healthcare data, Causes of Death Registry data, the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination database, and the SARS-CoV-2 test results database...

INTRODUCTION: People with type 2 diabetes are at heightened risk for severe outcomes related to COVID-19 infection, including hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and mortality. This study was designed to examine the impact of premorbid use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) monotherapy, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT-2i) monotherapy, and concomitant GLP1-RA/SGLT-2i therapy on the severity of outcomes in individuals with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection...

OBJECTIVE: While there are some recommendations about early insulin therapy in newly diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients, there is not sufficient evidence on this strategy's cost-effectiveness. This study compared early insulin therapy versus oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs) for managing T2DMusing a cost-effectiveness analysis approach in Iran. METHODS: In this economic evaluation, a decision analytic model was designed. The target population was newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients, and the study was carried out from the perspective of Iran's healthcare system with a one-year time horizon...

The endogenous incretins glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) possess neurotrophic, neuroprotective, and anti-neuroinflammatory actions. The dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor sitagliptin reduces degradation of endogenous GLP-1 and GIP, and, thereby, extends the circulation of these protective peptides. The current nonhuman primate (NHP) study evaluates whether human translational sitagliptin doses can elevate systemic and central nervous system (CNS) levels of GLP-1/GIP in naive, non-lesioned NHPs, in line with our prior rodent studies that demonstrated sitagliptin efficacy in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease (PD)...

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Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a class of drugs that enhance the incretin-insulin pathway and offer effective glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, these drugs may be associated with various dermatological side effects, ranging from mild to severe. This review article summarizes the current literature on the dermatological side effects of DPP-4 inhibitors, including bullous pemphigoid, severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions, fixed drug eruptions, and other mucocutaneous reactions...

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of major and mild cognitive impairment (CI) in type-2 diabetes older patients is 15-25% and 30-60%, respectively, thus affecting quality of life and health outcomes. There is, therefore, the need of head-to-head studies aiming at identifying the optimal treatment for individuals with type-2 diabetes at increased risk of mild and major CI. This study focuses on the risk of developing mild and major CI in Danish patients treated with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues (GLP-1a) using administrative and healthcare registers...

Aggressive therapy of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) can not only slow the progression of DKD to renal failure but, if utilized at an early enough stage of DKD, can also stabilize and/or reverse the decline in renal function. The currently recognized standard of therapy for DKD is blockade of the renin-angiotensin system with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). However, unless utilized at a very early stage, monotherapy with these drugs in DKD will only prevent or slow the progression of DKD and will neither stabilize nor reverse the progression of DKD to renal decompensation...

Background Diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. Recent findings have made the relationship between the inhibition of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) enzyme and cognitive functions an important research topic. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the association between DPP-4 inhibitor use and cognitive functions, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and pentraxin-3 (PTX-3) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes, compared with the patients who only use metformin treatment...

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Limited evidence exists on the comparative safety and effectiveness of empagliflozin against alternative glucose-lowering medications in individuals with type 2 diabetes with the broad spectrum of cardiovascular risk. The EMPagliflozin compaRative effectIveness and SafEty (EMPRISE) cohort study was designed to monitor the safety and effectiveness of empagliflozin periodically for a period of 5 years with data collection from electronic healthcare databases. METHODS: We identified individuals ≥18 years old with type 2 diabetes who initiated empagliflozin or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) from 2014 to 2019 using US Medicare and commercial claims databases...

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of once-weekly (OW) glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) has been established in several trials in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, real-world evidence on their effectiveness is limited. This study evaluated the effectiveness of OW GLP-1RA regarding glycemic and weight outcomes, and relative to DPP-4i in a comparator analysis. METHODS: This observational cohort study evaluated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c ) and weight outcomes in people with T2DM with two or more prescription claims for the same OW GLP-1RA using a pre-post study design (including for a semaglutide OW T2DM subgroup, hereafter referred to as semaglutide)...

AIM: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors suppress the inactivation of incretin hormones and lower blood glucose levels by inhibiting DPP-4 function. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors lower blood glucose levels in an insulin-independent manner by inhibiting renal reabsorption of glucose. DPP-4 and SGLT2 inhibitors each have the potential to improve hepatic steatosis; however, their combined effects remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of the combination of these drugs on hepatic steatosis using high-fat diet-fed mice...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) treatment and the risk of suicide attempts in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), with a focus on subgroups with and without a history of depression or suicide attempts. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study utilized TriNetX, a federated network of real-world data. Using the Global Collaborative Network data, we collected electronic medical records from 113 health care organizations with 135 million patient records with 8 million with T2D, 83% from the United States...

BACKGROUND: Antihyperglycemic drug utilization studies are conducted frequently and describe the uptake of new drug therapies across may jurisdictions. An increasingly important, yet often absent, aspect of these studies is the impact of rurality on drug utilization. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to explore the association between place of residence (rural, urban, metropolitan) and the use of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) for first treatment intensification of type 2 diabetes...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the largest public health problems worldwide and in the last decades various therapeutic targets have been investigated. For the treatment of type-2 DM (T2DM), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is one of the well reported target and has established safety in terms of cardiovascular complexicity. Preclinical and clinical studies using DPP-4 inhibitors have demonstrated its safety and effectiveness and have lesser risk of associated hypoglycaemic effect making it suitable for elderly patients...

A drug interaction is a condition in which two or more drugs are taken at the same time. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a significant contributor to polypharmacy. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are often prescribed in combination with metformin or DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin) or a combined dose of metformin and DPP-4 inhibitor to treat gastritis in diabetic patients. This review article mainly focused on evaluating the potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between PPIs (i...

We sought to determine whether the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors is associated with a decreased risk of incident lung cancers among patients with type 2 diabetes. We assembled a new-user, active comparator cohort of SGLT-2 inhibitor and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor users using the United Kingdom Clinical Practice Research Datalink. We fit Cox proportional hazards models with propensity score fine stratification weighting to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident lung cancer...