Lipid

Atherosclerosis remains a leading cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) globally, with the complex interplay of inflammation and lipid metabolism at its core. Recent evidence suggests a role of B cells in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; however, this relationship remains poorly understood, particularly in the context of HIV. We review the multifaceted functions of B cells in atherosclerosis, with a specific focus on HIV. Unique to atherosclerosis is the pivotal role of natural antibodies, particularly those targeting oxidized epitopes abundant in modified lipoproteins and cellular debris...

BACKGROUND: Although diabetic gastroenteropathy (DGE) is associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), most studies have evaluated SIBO with a hydrogen breath test, which may be affected by altered transit in DGE. The risk factors for the consequences of SIBO in DGE are poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of, risk factors for, and gastrointestinal symptoms associated with SIBO in patients with DGE. METHODS: In 75 patients with DGE and dyspepsia, we tested for SIBO (≥105 colony forming units /mL of aerobic and/or anaerobic bacteria in a duodenal aspirate) and assessed gastric emptying (GE) of solids, symptoms during a GE study and during an enteral lipid challenge (300 kcal/2 h), and daily symptoms with a Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index diary for 2 weeks...

Topical infection affects nearly one-third of the world's population; it may result from poor sanitation, hygienic conditions and crowded living and working conditions that accelerate the spread of topical infectious diseases. The problems associated with the anti-infective agents are drug resistance and long-term therapy. Secondary metabolites are obtained from plants, microorganisms and animals, but they are metabolized inside the human body. The integration of nanotechnology into secondary metabolites is gaining attention due to their interaction at the subatomic and skin-tissue levels...

Exosomes-like nanoparticles (ELNs) (exosomes or extracellular vesicles) are vesicle-like bodies secreted by cells. Plant ELNs (PENs) are membrane vesicles secreted by plant cells, with a lipid bilayer as the basic skeleton, enclosing various active substances such as proteins and nucleic acids, which have many physiological and pathological functions. Recent studies have found that the PENs are widespread within different plant species and their biological functions are increasingly recognized. The effective separation method is also necessary for its function and application...

BACKGROUND: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a consequence of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) associated with a range of effects, including dysmorphic features, prenatal and/or postnatal growth problems, and neurodevelopmental difficulties. Despite advances in treatment methods, there are still gaps in knowledge that highlight the need for further research. The study investigates the effect of PAE on the autonomic system, including sex differences that may aid in early FASD diagnosis, which is essential for effective interventions...

During their biosynthesis, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) morphogens are covalently modified by cholesterol at the C-terminus and palmitate at the N-terminus. Although both lipids initially anchor Shh to the plasma membrane of producing cells, it later translocates to the extracellular compartment to direct developmental fates in cells expressing the Patched (Ptch) receptor. Possible release mechanisms for dually lipidated Hh/Shh into the extracellular compartment are currently under intense debate. In this paper, we describe the serum-dependent conversion of the dually lipidated cellular precursor into a soluble cholesteroylated variant (ShhC ) during its release...

Microscopic, photosynthetic prokaryotes and eukaryotes, collectively referred to as microalgae, are widely studied to improve our understanding of key metabolic pathways (e.g., photosynthesis) and for the development of biotechnological applications. Omics technologies, which are now common tools in biological research, have been shown to be critical in microalgal research. In the past decade, significant technological advancements have allowed omics technologies to become more affordable and efficient, with huge datasets being generated...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 12-month early postnatal lifestyle intervention program in women with gestational diabetes in a recent pregnancy. METHODS: This study was a prospective randomized intervention study conducted at a diabetes center in Hong Kong. Chinese women aged 18-45 years, who developed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in their most recent pregnancy, were invited. Eligible women were randomized in 1:1 ratio at baseline (6-12 weeks postpartum), to standard care or lifestyle intervention (diet and physical activity) groups for 12 months...

SCOPE: Tolypocladium sinense is a fungus isolated from Cordyceps. Cordyceps has some medicinal value and is also a daily health care product. This study explores the preventive effects of T. sinense mycelium polysaccharide (TSMP) on high-fat diet-induced obesity and chronic inflammation in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here, the study establishes an obese mouse model induced by high-fat diet. In this study, the mice are administered TSMP daily basis to evaluate its effect on alleviating obesity...

Vibrio fluvialis is an emerging foodborne pathogen that produces VFH ( Vibrio fluvialis hemolysin) and δVFH (delta- Vibrio fluvialis hemolysin). The function of δVFH is unclear. Currently, no pathogenic V . fluvialis from deep sea has been reported. In this work, a deep-sea V . fluvialis isolate (V13) was examined for pathogenicity. V13 was most closely related to V. fluvialis ATCC 33809, a human isolate, but possessed 262 unique genes. V13 caused lethal infection in fish and induced pyroptosis involving activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase 1 (Casp1), and gasdermin D (GSDMD)...

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the predominant dementia globally, with heterogeneous presentation and penetrance of clinical symptoms, variable presence of mixed pathologies, potential disease subtypes, and numerous associated endophenotypes. Beyond the difficulty of designing treatments that address the core pathological characteristics of the disease, therapeutic development is challenged by the uncertainty of which endophenotypic areas and specific targets implicated by those endophenotypes to prioritize for further translational research...

Abiotic stress caused by soil salinization remains a major global challenge that threatens and severely impacts crop growth, causing yield reduction worldwide. In this study, we aim to investigate the damage of salt stress on the leaf physiology of two varieties of rice (Huanghuazhan, HHZ, and Xiangliangyou900, XLY900) and the regulatory mechanism of Hemin to maintain seedling growth under the imposed stress. Rice leaves were sprayed with 5.0 μmol·L-1 Hemin or 25.0 μmol·L-1 ZnPP (Zinc protoporphyrin IX) at the three leaf and one heart stage, followed by an imposed salt stress treatment regime (50...

BACKGROUND: Recent research showed that probiotics treatment may reduce insulin resistance, regulate lipid metabolism, raise liver enzyme levels, and ameliorate inflammation in individuals with metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). However, the possible effects of probiotic use on the progression of hepatic steatosis (HS) have not been identified. The purpose of this study was to investigate this in a large population database. METHODS: The cross-sectional research was conducted among adults with complete data on probiotic yogurt consumption and HS in the 2011-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)...

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate the association of Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) rs61330082 polymorphism with co-morbid hypertension (HTN) and the progression of hypertension in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: A total of 453 T2DM patients were genotyped for the polymorphism of rs61330082 using SNP-scan high-throughput technology. These patients were divided into T2DM group (261 patients) and T2DM combined with hypertension group (T2MH, 192 patients)...

Globally, alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) has become an increased burden for society. Disulfirams, Benzodiazepines (BZDs), and corticosteroids are commonly used to treat ALD. However, the occurrence of side effects such as hepatotoxicity and dependence, impedes the achievement of desirable and optimal therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more effective and safer treatments. Hovenia dulcis is an herbal medicine promoting alcohol removal clearance, lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties...

Aim: To assess the effect of cashew nut flour on the hematological parameters of children living with HIV-AIDS. Method: A 32-week randomized, blind clinical trial conducted at a specialized outpatient clinic. Children aged 2-12 years were allocated to intervention groups (IGs) ( n  = 11) receiving 12 g/day of cashew nut flour and control groups (CGs) ( n  = 9) receiving 12 g/day of carboxymethyl cellulose. Parameters of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and lipid profiles were evaluated...

Barley, rich in bioactive components including dietary fiber, polyphenolic compounds and functional proteins, exhibits health benefits such as regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Previous studies have found that the content and composition of free phenolic acids in barley may be significantly changed by fermentation with the laboratory patented strain Lactobacillus plantarum dy-1 ( L. p dy-1), but the mechanism of enzymatic release of phenolic acid remains to be elucidated. Based on this, this study aimed to identify the key enzyme in L...

OBJECTIVE: We investigated how changes in 24-h respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and substrate oxidation during fasting versus an energy balance condition influence subsequent ad libitum food intake. METHODS: Forty-four healthy, weight-stable volunteers (30 male and 14 female; mean [SD], age 39.3 [11.0] years; BMI 31.7 [8.3] kg/m2 ) underwent 24-h energy expenditure measurements in a respiratory chamber during energy balance (50% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 20% protein) and 24-h fasting...

AIM: To determine the effect of standard treatment on changes in the structural and functional properties of erythrocytes in obstructive and non-obstructive acute pyelonephritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The structural and functional properties of erythrocytes and their intracellular metabolism in 78 patients with a diagnosis of primary non-obstructive and secondary obstructive acute pyelonephritis, randomized by age, gender, and the minimum number of concomitant diseases were investigated...

Perilipin 2 (PLIN2) is a lipid droplet (LD)-coating protein playing important roles in lipid homeostasis and suppression of lipotoxicity in different tissues and cell types. Recently, a role for PLIN2 in supporting mitochondrial function has emerged. PLIN2 dysregulation is involved in many metabolic disorders and age-related diseases. However, the exact consequences of PLIN2 dysregulation are not yet completely understood. In this study, we knocked down (KD) PLIN2 in primary human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) from young (mean age 29 years) and old (mean age 71 years) healthy donors...