Pharynx

UNLABELLED: During pharyngeal phase of swallowing circumferential tension of the cervical esophagus (CTE) increases caused by a biomechanical process of laryngeal elevation pulling the cervical esophagus orad. The esophagus contracts longitudinally during esophageal peristalsis, therefore, we hypothesized that CTE increases during esophageal peristalsis by a biomechanical process. METHODS: We investigated this hypothesis using 28 decerebrate cats instrumented with EMG electrodes on the pharynx and esophagus, and esophageal manometry...

As for other mammals, the digestive system of dogs (facultative carnivores) and cats (obligate carnivores) includes the mouth, teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory digestive organs (salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder). These carnivores have a relatively shorter digestive tract but longer canine teeth, a tighter digitation of molars, and a greater stomach volume than omnivorous mammals such as humans and pigs. Both dogs and cats have no detectable or a very low activity of salivary α-amylase but dogs, unlike cats, possess a relatively high activity of pancreatic α-amylase...

BACKGROUND: Prior research suggests that trematode rediae, a developmental stage of trematode parasites that reproduce clonally within a snail host, show evidence of division of labor (DOL). Single-species infections often have two morphologically distinct groups: small rediae, the 'soldiers', are active, aggressive, and do not appear to reproduce; large rediae, the 'reproductives', are larger, sluggish, and full of offspring. Most data supporting DOL come from trematodes infecting marine snails, while data from freshwater trematodes are more limited and generally do not supported DOL...

BACKGROUND: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents a common and heterogeneous malignancy of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. Surgery and radio(chemo)therapy are the standard treatment options and also have great influence on the composition of the tumor microenvironment and immune cell functions. However, the impact of radio(chemo)therapy on the distribution and characteristics of circulating monocyte subsets in HNSCC are not fully understood. METHODS: Expression patterns of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors CD11a (integrin-α L; LFA-1), CD11b (integrin-α M; Mac-1), CD11c (integrin-α X), CX3CR1 (CX3CL1 receptor) and checkpoint molecule PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand-1) were investigated upon radio(chemo)therapeutic treatment using flow cytometry...

INTRODUCTION: To assess the usage of contralateral infrahyoid muscles as onlay flap in prevention of pharyngo-cutaneous fistula (PCF) in total laryngectomy (TL) patients with high risk factors of PCF development. METHODS: This study included 10 patients who suffered from advanced laryngeal carcinoma with presence of risk factors for development of PCF. We added an enforcement muscular layer during neo-pharynx wall repair, the infrahyoid muscle flap of the contralateral side of the tumour origin as an onlay muscular flap to cover the anastomotic site for healing augmentation...

Hairy polyps, considered a highly unusual congenital anomaly of the pharynx, are believed by many scholars to arise from the ectoderm and mesoderm during the embryonic stage. These growths often have a pear or sausage shape, are pedunculated, and their size ranges between 0.5 and 6 cm. They are typically grayish white or pink in color. This article discusses a 12-year-old female who had a growth at the Eustachian tube's entrance on the left side of the nasopharyngeal wall, as identified by a computed tomography scan of the neck soft tissue; it was suspected to be a hairy polyp originating from the left Eustachian tube...

IMPORTANCE: Patients with unknown primary squamous cell carcinoma (CUP) with cervical metastases typically receive comprehensive radiotherapy (RT) of the pharynx and bilateral neck. Typically, these patients receive comprehensive RT of the pharynx and bilateral neck that may produce treatment-related toxic effects. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether localization of occult oropharyngeal cancers with transoral robotic surgery (TORS) combined with reduced pharyngeal and neck RT volumes provides acceptable disease control...

Molecular clock estimates suggest the origin of Annelida dates back to the Ediacaran period, which is in discordance with the first appearance of this taxon in the early Cambrian, as evidenced by the fossil records of stem-group and basally branching crown-group annelids. Using new material from the early Cambrian Guanshan biota (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4), we re-interpret Gaoloufangchaeta bifurcus Zhao, Li & Selden, 2023, as the earliest known errantian annelid. Gaoloufangchaeta has a prominent anterior end bearing three pairs of putatively sensory appendages and a pair of anterior eyes; a muscular eversible pharynx with papillae is identified...

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated cancer-specific mortality risks of workers employed in food, accommodation and beverage (FAB) activities. METHODS: We performed a case-control study based on countrywide mortality and National Social Insurance data. Adjusted cancer specific mortality odds ratios (MOR) were calculated. We modelled occupational exposure as "ever/never been employed" in FAB activities, using other sectors as reference. Analysis was performed by gender, length of employment and year of smoke banning...

Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are a public health problem. Real-time PCR assays are the most sensitive test for screening and diagnosis of these infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate a new CT/NG/TV/MG Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) kit (Vircell) for the detection of Chamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis for the diagnosis of sexual transmitted infections using the Allplex STI Essential Assay (Seegene) as the reference's method. A total of 497 samples from different anatomical sites (endocervical, urethral, rectal, pharyngeal and urine) were analysed from October 2022 to February 2023...

C. elegans animals with a compromised pharynx accumulate bacteria in their intestinal lumen and activate a transcriptional response that includes anti-bacterial response genes. In this study, we demonstrate that animals with defective pharynxes are resistant to Orsay virus (OrV) infection. This resistance is observed for animals grown on Escherichia coli OP50 and on Comamonas BIGb0172, a bacterium naturally associated with C. elegans . The viral resistance observed in defective-pharynx mutants does not seem to result from constitutive transcriptional immune responses against viruses...

BACKGROUND: S-lon® (S) is a locally produced polyvinyl chloride-based solvent cement. It is a clear, slightly viscous liquid. Other constituents include 1-cyclohexanone, 3-butanone, and 1-acetone. It is used ubiquitously for building construction in Sri Lanka. Although the clinical effects of the compound have not yet been ascertained, the constituents have been implicated in neurotoxicity, respiratory tract, eye and skin irritation, and delayed liver and renal injury. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 42-year-old South Asian male presented following self-ingestion of S...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The classic Shamblin system fails to provide valuable guidance in many Shamblin's III carotid body tumors (III-CBTs) due to the variable forms of carotid arteries and the complex anatomic relationships in parapharyngeal space. We proposed a modified classification to separately divide III-CBTs into different subgroups on the basis of arterial relevant features and anatomical relevant features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2020 to 2023, a total of 129 III-CBTs at a single institution were retrospectively analyzed...

Plasmacytoma is a rare plasma cell dyscrasia that grows in bones or soft tissues such as the pharynx. Soft tissue plasmacytomas are rare, and a higher burden has been reported in the upper aero-digestive tract, often manifesting as hoarseness, dysphagia, or odynophagia. Due to their rarity, extramedullary plasmacytomas (EMPs) have unknown prognostic factors, and guidelines for optimal management are still lacking. However, radiation therapy and surgery have been used with positive outcomes. Herein, we describe a unique case of plasmacytoma of the pharyngeal tissue in a male patient with a history of HIV disease...

The article presents a rare case of human invasion by the trematode Clinostomum complanatum in the European part of Russia. The diagnosis was established based on a parasitological study of flukes removed from the tonsils and pharynx of a 42-year-old woman, a resident of the Tambov region of Russia.

Salt (NaCl), is an essential nutrient for survival, while excessive salt can be detrimental. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster , internal taste organs in the pharynx are critical gatekeepers impacting the decision to accept or reject a food. Currently, our understanding of the mechanism through which pharyngeal gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) sense high salt are rudimentary. Here, we found that a member of the ionotropic receptor family, Ir60b , is expressed exclusively in a pair of GRNs activated by high salt...

Texture modification in the form of gels or jellies is used for patients with dysphagia. For over 20 years, our group has been using gelatin jellies, a type of gel, as a starting diet for patients with dysphagia. Gelatin jellies are served in a small-sliced form and swallowed whole. In sliced jelly whole swallowing (SJWS), sliced gelatin jelly (SGJ) passes through the pharynx in one lump without collapsing. This study aimed to examine the usefulness of SJWS. We analyzed the images of videofluoroscopic swallowing studies performed using the normalized residue ratio scale (NRRSv: vallecula, NRRSp: pyriform sinus), the penetration-aspiration scale (PAS), and pharyngeal transit time (PTT) in 50 patients with dysphagia and compared the results in a prospective study...

Of all the head and neck tumors, salivary gland tumors account to 3%. Pleomorphic adenomas are one of the most common benign tumors arising from major salivary glands, although it could also develop from minor salivary glands situated at accessory sites like nasal cavity, pharynx, parapharyngeal space, lacrimal glands etc. Tumors of infratemporal fossa are quite unusual, mainly because of its hidden location in retromaxillary region. We report an unusual case of 65 years old male presenting with complaint of progressive left cheek swelling for 4 years...

Reinke's edema (RE) is a benign pathological non-inflammatory disorder of the vocal folds with a wide range of clinical manifestations. We aim to investigate the relationship between Reinke's edema and some common inhalant abuse. In this case-control study, subjective consisted of 23 patients with RE (the cases), and 50 patients with sinusitis (control) who underwent surgery in the Department of Otolaryngology, between 2015 and 2020. Demographic characteristics, history of some related disease, methods, and the duration of cigarette, and opium consumption were collected through the patients' files...

Distribution of endomorphin-1 (EM-1) was immunohistochemically investigated in the rat cranial sensory ganglia. Small to medium-sized neurons in the trigeminal (TG), petrosal (PG), and jugular ganglia (JG) expressed EM-1-immunoreactivity. However, EM-1-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons were infrequent in the nodose ganglion. In the brainstem, EM-1-ir varicose fibers were detected in the superficial layer of the medullary dorsal horn and the caudal part of the nucleus tractus solitarius. By trichrome immunofluorescence analysis, approximately 70% of EM-1-ir neurons were also immunoreactive for transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in all the examined ganglia...