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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Huan-Ting Lin, Masatoshi Takagi, Kenji Kubara, Kazuto Yamazaki, Fumiko Michikawa, Takashi Okumura, Takuya Naruto, Tomohiro Morio, Koji Miyazaki, Hideki Taniguchi, Makoto Otsu
BACKGROUND: Although oncogenic RAS mutants are thought to exert mutagenic effects upon blood cells, it remains uncertain how a single oncogenic RAS impacts non-transformed multipotent hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells (HPCs). Such potential pre-malignant status may characterize HPCs in patients with RAS-associated autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome-like disease (RALD). This study sought to elucidate the biological and molecular alterations in human HPCs carrying monoallelic mutant KRAS (G13C) with no other oncogene mutations...
April 16, 2024: Stem Cell Research & Therapy
#2
REVIEW
Naiara Perurena, Lisa Situ, Karen Cichowski
Although RAS was formerly considered undruggable, various agents that inhibit RAS or specific RAS oncoproteins have now been developed. Indeed, the importance of directly targeting RAS has recently been illustrated by the clinical success of mutant-selective KRAS inhibitors. Nevertheless, responses to these agents are typically incomplete and restricted to a subset of patients, highlighting the need to develop more effective treatments, which will likely require a combinatorial approach. Vertical strategies that target multiple nodes within the RAS pathway to achieve deeper suppression are being investigated and have precedence in other contexts...
April 16, 2024: Nature Reviews. Cancer
#3
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Zhuoyuan Zhang, Dan Liu, Rui Lv, Haoyan Zhao, Tianjing Li, Yutao Huang, Zhicheng Tian, Xiangyu Gao, Peng Luo, Xin Li
PURPOSE: Neuroinflammation occurs in response to central nervous system (CNS) injury, infection, stimulation by toxins, or autoimmunity. We previously analyzed the downstream molecular changes in HT22 cells (mouse hippocampal neurons) upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. We detected elevated expression of Fibrillarin (FBL), a nucleolar methyltransferase, but the associated proinflammatory mechanism was not systematically elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms by which FBL affects neuroinflammation...
2024: Journal of Inflammation Research
#4
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Saima Ikram, Ehsan Sayyah, Serdar Durdagi
The RAS-MAPK signaling pathway, crucial for cell proliferation and differentiation, involves key proteins KRAS and SOS1. Mutations in the KRAS and SOS1 genes are implicated in various cancer types, including pancreatic, lung, and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. There is considerable interest in identifying inhibitors targeting KRAS and SOS1 to explore potential therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. In this study, advanced in silico techniques were employed to screen small molecule libraries at this interface, leading to the identification of promising lead compounds as potential SOS1 inhibitors...
April 15, 2024: Chembiochem: a European Journal of Chemical Biology
#5
REVIEW
Tonia Kirschner, Matthias P Müller, Daniel Rauh
The GTPase KRAS acts as a switch in cellular signaling, transitioning between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states. In about 20% of human cancers, oncogenic RAS mutations disrupt this balance, favoring the active form and promoting proliferative signaling, thus rendering KRAS an appealing target for precision medicine in oncology. In 2013, Shokat and co-workers achieved a groundbreaking feat by covalently targeting a previously undiscovered allosteric pocket (switch II pocket (SWIIP)) of KRASG12C ...
April 15, 2024: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
#6
JOURNAL ARTICLE
So-Youn Park, Venu Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma, Sagar Dattatraya Nale, Chang Joong Kim, Yun Seong Jo, Mohammad Hassan Baig, JungHwan Cho
Oncogenic RAS mutations, commonly observed in human tumors, affect approximately 30% of cancer cases and pose a significant challenge for effective cancer treatment. Current strategies to inhibit the KRAS G12D mutation have shown limited success, emphasizing the urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. In this study, we designed and synthesized several purine and pyrimidine analogs as inhibitors for the KRAS G12D mutation. Our synthesized compounds demonstrated potent anticancer activity against cell lines with the KRAS G12D mutation, effectively impeding their growth...
April 15, 2024: Heliyon
#7
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Michele Basso, Carlo Signorelli, Maria Alessandra Calegari, Jessica Lucchetti, Ina Valeria Zurlo, Emanuela Dell'Aquila, Giulia Arrivi, Federica Zoratto, Fiorenza Santamaria, Rosa Saltarelli, Giovanni Trovato, Giulia Caira, Lorenzo Angotti, Marta Schirripa, Annunziato Anghelone, Francesco Schietroma, Mario Giovanni Chilelli, Lisa Salvatore, Carmelo Pozzo, Giampaolo Tortora
BACKGROUND: There are few molecular markers driving treatment selection in later lines of treatment for advanced colorectal cancer patients. The vast majority of patients who progress after first- and second-line therapy undergo chemotherapy regardless of molecular data. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the prognostic and predictive effects of specific RAS mutations on overall survival of patients receiving regorafenib (rego), trifluridine/tipiracil (TFD/TPI), or both...
April 13, 2024: Targeted Oncology
#8
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Adam R Wolfe, Haihua Feng, Oscar Zuniga, Henrique Rodrigues, Daniel E Eldridge, Linlin Yang, Changxian Shen, Terence M Williams
Oncogenic RAS and RAF signaling has been implicated in contributing to radioresistance in pancreatic and thyroid cancers. In this study, we sought to better clarify molecular mechanisms contributing to this effect. We discovered that miRNA 296-3p (miR-296-3p) is significantly correlated with radiosensitivity in a panel of pancreatic cancer cells, and miR-296-3p is highly expressed in normal cells, but low in cancer cell lines. Elevated expression of miR-296-3p increases radiosensitization while decreasing the expression of the DNA repair enzyme RAD18 in both pancreatic and thyroid cancer cells...
April 9, 2024: Cancer Letters
#9
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Emil Lou, Joanne Xiu, Yasmine Baca, Anwaar Saeed, Ajay Prakash, Sepideh Gholami, Subbaya Subramanian, Timothy K Starr, Elisa Fontana, Ritu Pandey, Heinz-Josef Lenz, Anthony F Shields, Chadi Nabhan, Matthew Oberley, Andreas Seeber, Wafik El-Deiry
Oncogenic drivers such as KRAS extensively modulate the tumor inflammatory microenvironment (TIME) of colorectal cancer (CRC). The influence of KRAS on modulating immune cell composition remains unclear. The objective of this study was to identify signatures of infiltrative immune cells and distinctive patterns that differ between RAS wild-type (WT) and oncogenic mutant (MT) CRC that explain immune evasion in MT tumors. A total of 7,801 CRC specimens were analyzed using next-generation DNA sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, and/or whole transcriptome sequencing...
March 21, 2024: Mol Ther Oncol
#10
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jingjing Jiang, Lingyan Jiang, Benjamin J Maldonato, Yingyun Wang, Matthew Holderfield, Ida Aronchik, Ian P Winters, Zeena Salman, Cristina Blaj, Marie Menard, Jens Brodbeck, Zhe Chen, Xing Wei, Michael J Rosen, Yevgeniy Gindin, Bianca J Lee, James W Evans, Stephanie Chang, Zhican Wang, Kyle J Seamon, Dylan Parsons, James Cregg, Abby Marquez, Aidan C A Tomlinson, Jason K Yano, John E Knox, Elsa Quintana, Andrew J Aguirre, Kathryn C Arbour, Abby Reed, W Clay Gustafson, Adrian L Gill, Elena S Koltun, David Wildes, Jacqueline A M Smith, Zhengping Wang, Mallika Singh
UNLABELLED: RAS-driven cancers comprise up to 30% of human cancers. RMC-6236 is a RAS(ON) multi-selective noncovalent inhibitor of the active, GTP-bound state of both mutant and wild-type variants of canonical RAS isoforms with broad therapeutic potential for the aforementioned unmet medical need. RMC-6236 exhibited potent anticancer activity across RAS-addicted cell lines, particularly those harboring mutations at codon 12 of KRAS. Notably, oral administration of RMC-6236 was tolerated in vivo and drove profound tumor regressions across multiple tumor types in a mouse clinical trial with KRASG12X xenograft models...
April 9, 2024: Cancer Discovery
#11
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Matthew Holderfield, Bianca J Lee, Jingjing Jiang, Aidan Tomlinson, Kyle J Seamon, Alessia Mira, Enrico Patrucco, Grace Goodhart, Julien Dilly, Yevgeniy Gindin, Nuntana Dinglasan, Yingyun Wang, Lick Pui Lai, Shurui Cai, Lingyan Jiang, Nicole Nasholm, Nataliya Shifrin, Cristina Blaj, Harshit Shah, James W Evans, Nilufar Montazer, Oliver Lai, Jade Shi, Ethan Ahler, Elsa Quintana, Stephanie Chang, Anthony Salvador, Abby Marquez, Jim Cregg, Yang Liu, Anthony Milin, Anqi Chen, Tamar Bar Ziv, Dylan Parsons, John E Knox, Jennifer E Klomp, Jennifer Roth, Matthew Rees, Melissa Ronan, Antonio Cuevas-Navarro, Feng Hu, Piro Lito, David Santamaria, Andrew J Aguirre, Andrew M Waters, Channing J Der, Chiara Ambrogio, Zhengping Wang, Adrian L Gill, Elena S Koltun, Jacqueline A M Smith, David Wildes, Mallika Singh
RAS oncogenes (collectively NRAS, HRAS and especially KRAS) are among the most frequently mutated genes in cancer, with common driver mutations occurring at codons 12, 13 and 611 . Small molecule inhibitors of the KRAS(G12C) oncoprotein have demonstrated clinical efficacy in patients with multiple cancer types and have led to regulatory approvals for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer2,3 . Nevertheless, KRASG12C mutations account for only around 15% of KRAS-mutated cancers4,5 , and there are no approved KRAS inhibitors for the majority of patients with tumours containing other common KRAS mutations...
April 8, 2024: Nature
#12
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Urszula N Wasko, Jingjing Jiang, Tanner C Dalton, Alvaro Curiel-Garcia, A Cole Edwards, Yingyun Wang, Bianca Lee, Margo Orlen, Sha Tian, Clint A Stalnecker, Kristina Drizyte-Miller, Marie Menard, Julien Dilly, Stephen A Sastra, Carmine F Palermo, Marie C Hasselluhn, Amanda R Decker-Farrell, Stephanie Chang, Lingyan Jiang, Xing Wei, Yu C Yang, Ciara Helland, Haley Courtney, Yevgeniy Gindin, Karl Muonio, Ruiping Zhao, Samantha B Kemp, Cynthia Clendenin, Rina Sor, William P Vostrejs, Priya S Hibshman, Amber M Amparo, Connor Hennessey, Matthew G Rees, Melissa M Ronan, Jennifer A Roth, Jens Brodbeck, Lorenzo Tomassoni, Basil Bakir, Nicholas D Socci, Laura E Herring, Natalie K Barker, Junning Wang, James M Cleary, Brian M Wolpin, John A Chabot, Michael D Kluger, Gulam A Manji, Kenneth Y Tsai, Miroslav Sekulic, Stephen M Lagana, Andrea Califano, Elsa Quintana, Zhengping Wang, Jacqueline A M Smith, Matthew Holderfield, David Wildes, Scott W Lowe, Michael A Badgley, Andrew J Aguirre, Robert H Vonderheide, Ben Z Stanger, Timour Baslan, Channing J Der, Mallika Singh, Kenneth P Olive
Broad-spectrum RAS inhibition holds the potential to benefit roughly a quarter of human cancer patients whose tumors are driven by RAS mutations1,2 . RMC-7977 is a highly selective inhibitor of the active GTP-bound forms of KRAS, HRAS, and NRAS, with affinity for both mutant and wild type (WT) variants (RAS(ON) multi-selective)3 . As >90% of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cases are driven by activating mutations in KRAS4 , we assessed the therapeutic potential of the RAS(ON) multi-selective inhibitor RMC-7977 in a comprehensive range of PDAC models...
April 8, 2024: Nature
#13
REVIEW
Anna Linehan, Mary O'Reilly, Ray McDermott, Grainne M O'Kane
Targeting the RAS pathway remains the holy grail of precision oncology. In the case of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC), 90-92% harbor mutations in the oncogene KRAS, triggering canonical MAPK signaling. The smooth structure of the altered KRAS protein without a binding pocket and its affinity for GTP have, in the past, hampered drug development. The emergence of KRASG12C covalent inhibitors has provided renewed enthusiasm for targeting KRAS. The numerous pathways implicated in RAS activation do, however, lead to the development of early resistance...
2024: Frontiers in Medicine
#14
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Bingfang Xu, Katie Powell
Isogenic H/N/KRAS-less mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell lines have been developed to assist in cell-based assays of RAS inhibitors. The quality control assessment of a panel of these isogenic MEFs is described here, with a focus on ensuring the proper insertion of the desired mutant RAS transgene, a determination of gene copy number, and an investigation of potential off-target mutations which could lead to phenotypes which are undesired in downstream experiments. Using this suite of quality control tools, a MEF cell line can be readily validated, and researchers can be assured of the rationale for an observed phenotype...
2024: Methods in Molecular Biology
#15
JOURNAL ARTICLE
William Burgan
Cell line panels have proven to be an invaluable tool for investigators researching a range of topics from drug mechanism or drug sensitivity studies to disease-specific etiology. The cell lines used in these panels may range from heterogeneous tumor populations grown from primary tumor isolations to genetically engineered clonal cell lines which express specific gene isoforms. Mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells are a commonly used cell line for biological research due to their accessibility and ease of genetic manipulation...
2024: Methods in Molecular Biology
#16
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Brian P Smith, Megan Rigby, Roger Ma, Anna E Maciag
With recent advances proving that effective inhibition of KRAS is possible, there have been significant efforts made to develop inhibitors of specific mutant alleles. Here we describe a detailed protocol that employs homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) to identify compounds acting on KRAS signaling in malignant cell lines. This method allows for high-throughput, cell-based screens of large compound libraries for the development of RAS-targeted therapeutics.
2024: Methods in Molecular Biology
#17
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Pedro Andrade Bonilla, Rebika Shrestha
Fluorescence lifetime imaging performed under FRET conditions between two interacting molecules is a sensitive and robust way to quantify intermolecular interactions in cells. The fluorescence lifetime, an inherent property of the fluorophore, remains unaffected by factors such as concentration, laser intensity, and other photophysical artifacts. In the context of FLIM-FRET, the focus lies on measuring the fluorescence lifetime of the donor molecule, which diminishes upon interaction with a neighboring acceptor molecule...
2024: Methods in Molecular Biology
#18
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Michael Whaby, Rakesh Sathish Nair, John P O'Bryan
Missense mutations in the RAS family of oncogenes (HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS) are present in approximately 20% of human cancers, making RAS a valuable therapeutic target (Prior et al., Cancer Res 80:2969-2974, 2020). Although decades of research efforts to develop therapeutic inhibitors of RAS were unsuccessful, there has been success in recent years with the entrance of FDA-approved KRASG12C -specific inhibitors to the clinic (Skoulidis et al., N Engl J Med 384:2371-2381, 2021; Jänne et al., N Engl J Med 387:120-131, 2022)...
2024: Methods in Molecular Biology
#19
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Regina Strakhova, Matthew J Smith
Knowledge of how effectors interact with RAS GTPases is key to understanding how these switch-like proteins function in cells. Effectors bind specifically to GTP-loaded RAS using RAS association (RA) or RAS binding domains (RBDs) that show wide-ranging affinities and thermodynamic characteristics. Both normal development and RAS-induced tumorigenesis depend on multiple distinct effector proteins that are frequently co-expressed and co-localized, suggesting an antagonistic nature to signaling whereby multiple proteins compete for a limited pool of activated GTPase...
2024: Methods in Molecular Biology
#20
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Sangho Yun, Elena Scott, Arthur Laganowsky
RAS is regulated by specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors, such as Son of Sevenless (SOS), that activates RAS by facilitating the exchange of inactive, GDP-bound RAS with GTP. The catalytic activity of SOS is known to be allosterically modulated by an active, GTP-bound RAS. However, it remains poorly understood how oncogenic RAS mutants interact with SOS and modulate its activity. In this chapter, we describe the application of native mass spectrometry (MS) to monitor the assembly of the catalytic domain of SOS (SOScat ) with RAS and cancer-associated mutants...
2024: Methods in Molecular Biology
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