Oral rehydration therapy

BACKGROUND: Norovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis (AGE) exacts a substantial disease burden, yet the health care utilization for and clinical management of norovirus-associated AGE are not well characterized. METHODS: We describe the health care encounters and therapeutics used for patients with all-cause and norovirus-associated AGE in the Kaiser Permanente Northwest health system from 1 April 2014 through 30 September 2016. Medical encounters for patients with AGE were extracted from electronic health records, and encounters within 30 days of one another were grouped into single episodes...

BACKGROUND: Multiple clinical studies have described the benefits of probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) CNCM I-745 against diarrhoea, but the real-world evidence supporting its use is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effectiveness of the S. boulardii CNCM I-745 group in a real-world setting. METHODS: This was an electronic medical record (EMR)-based, retrospective, multicentre, comparative study in Indian adult patients presenting with diarrhoea managed between January 2020 and January 2022...

Diarrhea is caused by a variety of bacterial and viral agents, inflammatory conditions, medications, and hereditary conditions. Secretory diarrhea involves several ion and solute transporters, activation of the cyclic nucleotide and Ca2+ signaling pathways, as well as intestinal epithelial secretion. In many cases of secretory diarrhea, activation of Cl- channels, such as the cystic transmembrane conduction regulator and the Ca2+ stimulated Cl- channel fibrosis, promote secretion while concurrently inhibiting Na+ transport expressing fluid absorption...

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the coutilisation of oral rehydration solution (ORS) and zinc for treating diarrhoea and its associated factors among under-5 children in East Africa. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study design. Multilevel Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was fitted to identify predictors of zinc and ORS coutilisation. An adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) with a 95% CI was reported to declare the statistical significance. SETTING: Twelve East African countries...

Studies carried out in several species have demonstrated that detection of low-calorie sweeteners in the lumen of the intestine, by the sweet receptor, T1R2-T1R3, initiates a signaling pathway leading to enhanced expression and activity of intestinal Na+ /glucose cotransporter 1, SGLT1. This results in an increased gut capacity to absorb glucose, sodium chloride and water, the basis for oral rehydration therapy. Horses express T1R2, T1R3 and downstream signaling elements in the intestinal tissue. As such, the potential of sweetener-stimulation of T1R2-T1R3 leading to upregulation of SGLT1 allows the provision of more glucose (energy) and hydration for horses...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate oral rehydration therapy (ORT) compared with intravenous rehydration therapy (IVT) in the early inpatient management of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). METHODS: A total of 124 women hospitalized for HG from February 10, 2021 till January 6, 2023 were randomized to ORT (n = 61) or IVT (n = 63) for an initial 12 h. Inclusion criteria includes women older than 18 years, with a viable intrauterine pregnancy less than 14 weeks at their first hospitalization for HG with ketonuria of at least 2+...

BACKGROUND: Enterotoxins produce diarrhea through direct epithelial action and indirectly by activating the enteric nervous system. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) inhibits both actions. The latter has been well documented in vitro but not in vivo . The hypothesis to be tested was that activating CaSR inhibits diarrhea in vivo . AIM: To determine whether CaSR agonists ameliorate secretory diarrhea evoked by cholera toxin (CTX) in mice. METHODS: CTX was given orally to C57BL/6 mice to induce diarrhea...

Hyperemesis gravidarum has a reported incidence of approximately 0.3-3% of pregnancies. Without treatment, refractory hyperemesis gravidarum can result in dehydration, electrolyte deficiencies, and severe nutritional deficiencies, resulting in significant maternal morbidity. The overall goals of inpatient management of refractory hyperemesis gravidarum are the resumption of oral intake to an adequate level to maintain hydration and nutrition, including the ability to tolerate oral pharmacotherapy. Patients initially are stabilized with rehydration and electrolyte repletion...

DESCRIPTION: Diet plays a critical role in human health, but especially for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Guidance about diet for patients with IBD are often controversial and a source of uncertainty for many physicians and patients. The role of diet has been investigated as a risk factor for IBD etiopathogenesis and as a therapy for active disease. Dietary restrictions, along with the clinical complications of IBD, can result in malnutrition, an underrecognized condition among this patient population...

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of 0, 1, 2, or 3-d of oral electrolyte solutions (OES) following transport on calf behavior, biochemical measures of hydration, and subsequent health. Two cohorts of 60 Holstein bull calves approximately 3-7 d of age were included in this experiment. Calves (n=30/treatment) were randomized to 1 of 4 treatments on arrival at a calf-raising facility: 1) 1-d OES; 2) 2-d OES; 3) 3-d OES; or 4) no OES (control). Calves were evaluated for signs of arthritis, depression, dehydration, diarrhea, fever, navel inflammation, and respiratory disease on arrival (d 0) and 1, 2, 3, and 7 d after arrival...

Cases of association between celiac disease and wheat allergy have been described in the literature. However, to date, no reported cases have linked celiac disease with wheat food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). We report a case of this association. A child diagnosed with celiac disease at the age of 2 years, following a gluten-free diet, experienced uncontrollable vomiting, and subsequent hypotension within 2 h of accidental ingestion of wheat flour. As a result, the child required hospitalization for fluid therapy...

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of bovine concentrated lactoserum (BCL) containing specific immunoglobulin G against Escherichia coli, rotavirus and coronavirus in preventing neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD). METHODS: A total of 489 newborn calves from 35 herds were orally given either BCL or a placebo before the first feeding of colostrum and clinically supervised by the farmers for the first 14 days of life. The diarrhoea score was defined according to the following criteria: 0 = no diarrhoea; 1 = light diarrhoea without medical treatment; 2 = diarrhoea requiring oral treatment (rehydration and/or antibiotic therapy); and 3 = severe diarrhoea requiring parenteral rehydration or resulting in death...

Cholera is a global health problem with no targeted therapies. The Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a regulator of intestinal ion transport and a therapeutic target for diarrhea, and Ca2+ is considered its main agonist. We found that increasing extracellular Ca2+ had a minimal effect on forskolin-induced Cl- secretion in human intestinal epithelial T84 cells. However, extracellular Mg2+, an often-neglected CaSR agonist, suppressed forskolin-induced Cl- secretion in T84 cells by 65% at physiological levels seen in stool (10 mM)...

Diarrhea like cholera remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally. Oral rehydration solution (ORS) that developed in 1970s significantly decreases diarrhea mortality; yet, it does not reduce diarrhea morbidity and its usage has reduced persistently. Patients with diarrhea lose not only monovalent ions Na + , K + , Cl - and HCO 3 , which are replaced via ORS, but also divalent ions Zn 2+ and Ca 2+ , which are not routinely replaced, particularly for Ca 2+ . Using several in vitro technologies performed in isolated tissues, we have previously shown that Ca 2+ , a primary ligand that activates the Ca 2+ -sensing receptor, can act on intestinal epithelium and enteric nervous system and reverse cholera toxin-induced fluid secretion...

The simulated patient method has been widely used to assess community pharmacy practice in the management of childhood diarrhoea. In such a process, a community pharmacist is required to explore a patient's history, choose the right medication and provide drug-related information. The aim of this review was to evaluate the aforementioned practice. A comprehensive literature search was carried out over Sage Journal, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, and the analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses...

INTRODUCTION: Enterocutaneous fistula is defined as an abnormal connection between the gastrointestinal tract and the skin. In addition to the early recognition and treatment of sepsis, nutritional support, wound management, the adequate replacement of lost fluids with a properly set and timely rehydration treatment, together with the control of fistula production represent the first steps in treatment management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors present an overview of oral rehydration therapy, describing the properties and effects of individual solutions on fistula...

Diarrhea remains a major cause of under-five mortality globally. In 2016, it accounted for 8% of under-five mortality worldwide. Most of these deaths occur in developing countries. Fluid replacement using Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) or Salt Sugar Solution (SSS), has been the mainstay of diarrhea management. Gaps in knowledge and practice regarding the preparation of these solutions have been identified by various researchers. One challenge encountered by healthcare providers and caregivers of under-five children has been lack of a standard, easy to clean cup for measurement of accurate volume of water for ORS or SSS preparation...

The standard of care for children with acute watery diarrhea (AWD) with no dehydration comprises oral rehydration solution, zinc, and feeding advice. Adherence to zinc therapy may be an issue in the management of acute watery diarrhoea. Mobile phones are used by over 90% of the population in Tanzania, thus good means to improve adherence to prescribed medication and/or attendance to follow-up visits. The objective of this study was to see whether m-follow-up improves adherence rate to zinc therapy, possible reasons for non-adherence, in children with diarrhea...

Rotavirus is one of the main pathogens that causes severe diarrhea in children under the age of 5, primarily infecting the enterocytes of the small intestine. Currently, there are no specific drugs available for oral rehydration and antiviral therapy targeting rotavirus. However, metformin hydrochloride, a drug known for its antiviral properties, shows promise as it accumulates in the small intestine and modulates the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, we formulated a hypothesis that metformin hydrochloride could inhibit rotavirus replication in the intestine...

BACKGROUND: Cesarean section often requires an urgent transfusion load due to decreased blood pressure after spinal anesthesia. This prospective randomized study aimed to investigate whether a preoperative oral rehydration solution (ORS) stabilized perioperative circulatory dynamics. METHODS: Sixty-three parturients scheduled for cesarean section under combined spinal epidural anesthesia (CSEA) were randomly allocated to one of three groups: Group O received 500 mL ORS before bedtime and 500 mL 2 h before CSEA; Group M received mineral water instead of ORS; and Group C had no fluid intake (controls)...