Cancer AND oncology

IMPORTANCE: The PACIFIC trial established consolidation durvalumab as the standard of care following chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for patients with unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Understanding its benefit in routine US clinical practice is critical. OBJECTIVE: To report characteristics, treatment patterns, and outcomes of patients who did or did not receive durvalumab. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Two prespecified cohorts were curated in this retrospective cohort study (SPOTLIGHT)...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This paper aims to evaluate the evolution and current status of partial laryngeal surgery in the treatment of advanced laryngeal cancer (LC). Specifically, recent progress in the selection of both patients and tumors, together with surgical and rehabilitation innovations, have contributed to balancing oncological control with the maintenance of quality of life in naïve and radiorecurrent patients. The main aspect is represented by the recognized role of open partial horizontal laryngectomies (OPHLs) in this new era of laryngeal cancer treatment...

BACKGROUND: For breast cancer with advanced regional lymph node involvement, axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) remains the standard of care for staging and treating the axilla despite the presence of undissected lymph nodes. The benefit of ALND in this setting is unknown. OBJECTIVES: We sought to describe national patterns of care of axillary surgery and its association with overall survival (OS) among women with cN2b-N3c breast cancer who receive adjuvant radiotherapy...

BACKGROUND: Information regarding late recurrence after pulmonary resection for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is limited. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors for late recurrence after surgery for NSCLC in the current era. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of patients who underwent complete resection for pathological I-III NSCLC between 2006 and 2015. Late recurrence was defined as a recurrence that met the following conditions: (1) the patient underwent chest computed tomography (CT) at or after 54 months after surgery and recurrence was not detected at that time, and (2) recurrence that occurred more than 5 years after surgery...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

The biomarker-oriented chemo-immunotherapy is useful and promising in the development of new anticancer agents, since the responders can be enriched by selecting patients with biomarkers. Compared to colorectal and lung cancers, the development of biomarker-driven molecular-targeted therapeutics for gastric cancers has been straggled. However, several new biomarkers in gastric cancers have been discovered and clinical trials in enrichment design with certain biomarkers have been conducted. Therefore, there are currently several treatment options to treat gastric cancer patients based on individual biomarker-oriented strategies...

PURPOSE: Many cancer patients have problems eating which are usually connected to taste and smell alterations due to side effects of cancer treatment. These problems have consequences both in terms of malnutrition and reduced quality of life. In order to explore social and psychological consequences of eating problems in cancer patients, qualitative interviews were conducted with cancer patients, their caregivers and healthcare professionals. METHODS: The study was conducted in three European countries (Poland, Spain and the UK) that differed in culture, oncology care approaches and availability of nutritional products targeted to cancer patients in the market...

PURPOSE: To investigate and compare the dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with [18 F]Alfatide II Imaging and [11 C]Methionine ([11 C]MET) in orthotopic rat models of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), and to assess the utility of [18 F]Alfatide II in detecting and evaluating neoangiogenesis in GBM. METHODS: [18 F]Alfatide II and [11 C]MET were injected into the orthotopic GBM rat models (n = 20, C6 glioma cells), followed by dynamic PET/MR scans 21 days after surgery of tumor implantation...

PURPOSE: Colon cancer is a prevalent cancer globally, representing approximately 10% of all cancer cases and accounting for 10% of all cancer-related deaths. Therefore, finding new therapeutic methods with high efficiency will be very valuable. Cromolyn (C), a common anti-allergic and mast cell membrane stabilizing drug, has recently shown valuable anti-cancer effects in several studies. This study was designed to investigate the anti-cancer activity of cromolyn on colon cancer in vitro and in vivo and to determine values such as selectivity index and survival effect...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

The Y chromosome has recognized functions in promoting male sex determination and regulating aspects of fertility. However, recent work has demonstrated important roles for the Y chromosome and Y-encoded genes in multiple domains of male health, including cancer. It is well-established that males experience shorter life spans than females, and this sex bias on overall mortality is ac-centuated in populations with longer life expectancy, in part related to elevated rates of cancer. The majority of human malignancies exhibit a sex bias with elevated frequencies in males...

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine response rates, median progression-free intervals (PFIs) and median survival times (MSTs) for cats with intermediate-large cell lymphoma treated with a vincristine, cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone and prednisolone (CMOP) protocol. A secondary objective was to determine the tolerability of mitoxantrone used within this multiagent protocol. METHODS: The medical records of 31 cats treated at a single institution between 2009 and 2022 were reviewed to identify suitable cases...

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the GI tract. SEER is an extensive cancer database which proves useful in analyzing population trends. This analysis investigated GIST outcomes between geriatric & non-geriatric patients. METHODS: SEER*STAT 8.4.0.1 was used to extract relevant GIST data from 2000 to 2019. Geriatric age was defined as ≥70 years. Variables included age, sex, surgery, cancer-specific death, and overall survival...

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a serious threat to health, with limited effective therapeutic options, especially due to advanced stage at diagnosis and its inherent resistance to chemotherapy, making it one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The lack of clear treatment directions underscores the urgent need for innovative approaches to address and manage this deadly condition. In this research, we repurpose drugs with potential anti-cancer activity using machine learning (ML)...

BACKGROUND: The chronic, inflammatory skin disease hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) (prevalence: 0.5%-1%, diagnostic delay: 7-10 years) primarily arises in younger adults and frequently coincides with autoimmune comorbidities and unhealthy life-styles (smoking and obesity). These factors are known to increase cancer risk, but despite this, information on cancer occurrence among HS patients is scarce. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A nationwide retrospective register-based study assessing relative risk of cancer - overall and by anatomical site - following HS diagnosis expressed as standardized incidence ratios (SIRs), which is ratios between observed cases among all Danes diagnosed with HS since 1977 and expected cases based on cancer incidence rates of the entire Danish population during the same period...

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have significantly improved outcomes in various cancers. ICI treatment is associated with the incidence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) which can affect any organ. Data on irAEs occurrence in relation to sex- differentiation and their association with gender-specific factors are limited. AIMS: The primary objective of the G-DEFINER study is to compare the irAEs incidence in female and male patients who undergo ICI treatment...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This large population-based, retrospective, single-center study aimed to identify prognostic factors in patients with brain metastases (BM) from gynecological cancers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and forty four patients with BM from gynecological cancer treated with radiotherapy (RT) were identified. Primary cancer diagnosis, age, performance status, number of BM, presence of extracranial disease, and type of BM treatment were assessed...

Background: Medical practitioners are increasingly using artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots for easier and faster access to information. To our knowledge, the accuracy and availability of AI-generated chemotherapy protocols has not yet been studied. Methods: Nine simulated cancer patient cases were designed and AI chatbots, ChatGPT version 3.5 (OpenAI) and Bing (Microsoft), were used to generate chemotherapy protocols for each case. Results: Generated chemotherapy protocols were compared with the original protocols for nine simulated cancer patients...

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a fatal disease characterized by the accumulation of undifferentiated myeloblasts, and agents that promote differentiation have been effective in this disease but are not curative. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors (DHODHi) have the ability to promote AML differentiation and target aberrant malignant myelopoiesis. We introduce HOSU-53, a DHODHi with significant monotherapy activity, which is further enhanced when combined with other standard-of-care therapeutics. We further discovered that DHODHi modulated surface expression of CD38 and CD47, prompting the evaluation of HOSU-53 combined with anti-CD38 and anti-CD47 therapies, where we identified a compelling curative potential in an aggressive AML model with CD47 targeting...

INTRODUCTION: The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is a crucial intracellular signaling pathway involved in cell growth, proliferation, survival, and metabolism, which is aberrant in almos<u>t</u> all types of cancer. Extensive research is dedicated to elucidating the mechanisms of action and developing PI3K inhibitors. However, only a small portion of the research has been successfully translated into clinical applications. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we present an overview of the pivotal role that the PI3K pathway plays in tumor development...