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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Martin Kamponda, Fanuel Meckson Bickton, Donnie Mategula, Marriott Nliwasa, Benno Kreuels, Johnstone Kumwenda
BACKGROUND: Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) accounts for 15% of the 1.4 million patients with TB notified in 2019. EPTB carries a high risk of mortality and so early diagnosis and treatment are important to reduce this risk. Diagnosis of EPTB in low- and middle-income countries is challenging. This study investigated the diagnostic performance of Xpert MTB Ultra for the diagnosis of EPTB (pericardial, pleural, and ascitic fluid) in adults at a referral hospital in Malawi. METHODS: Adults with suspected extra-pulmonary TB were screened for evidence of extra-pulmonary fluid and tested for TB using Xpert MTB Ultra, mycobacterial culture, and a Focused Abdominal Sonography in HIV-associated TB (FASH scan)...
December 2023: Malawi Medical Journal: the Journal of Medical Association of Malawi
#2
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Hayley S Clements, Emmanuel Do Linh San, Gareth Hempson, Birthe Linden, Bryan Maritz, Ara Monadjem, Chevonne Reynolds, Frances Siebert, Nicola Stevens, Reinette Biggs, Alta De Vos, Ryan Blanchard, Matthew Child, Karen J Esler, Maike Hamann, Ty Loft, Belinda Reyers, Odirilwe Selomane, Andrew L Skowno, Tshegofatso Tshoke, Diarrassouba Abdoulaye, Thierry Aebischer, Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez, Graham J Alexander, Abdullahi H Ali, David G Allan, Esther E Amoako, Samuel Angedakin, Edward Aruna, Nico L Avenant, Gabriel Badjedjea, Adama Bakayoko, Abraham Bamba-Kaya, Michael F Bates, Paul J J Bates, Steven R Belmain, Emily Bennitt, James Bradley, Chris A Brewster, Michael B Brown, Michelle Brown, Josef Bryja, Thomas M Butynski, Filipe Carvalho, Alan Channing, Colin A Chapman, Callan Cohen, Marina Cords, Jennifer D Cramer, Nadine Cronk, Pamela M K Cunneyworth, Fredrik Dalerum, Emmanuel Danquah, Harriet T Davies-Mostert, Andrew D de Blocq, Yvonne A De Jong, Terrence C Demos, Christiane Denys, Chabi A M S Djagoun, Thomas M Doherty-Bone, Marine Drouilly, Johan T du Toit, David A Ehlers Smith, Yvette C Ehlers Smith, Seth J Eiseb, Peter J Fashing, Adam W Ferguson, José M Fernández-García, Manfred Finckh, Claude Fischer, Edson Gandiwa, Philippe Gaubert, Jerome Y Gaugris, Dalton J Gibbs, Jason S Gilchrist, Jose M Gil-Sánchez, Anthony N Githitho, Peter S Goodman, Laurent Granjon, J Paul Grobler, Bonginkosi C Gumbi, Vaclav Gvozdik, James Harvey, Morgan Hauptfleisch, Firas Hayder, Emmanuel M Hema, Marna Herbst, Mariano Houngbédji, Brian J Huntley, Rainer Hutterer, Samuel T Ivande, Kate Jackson, Gregory F M Jongsma, Javier Juste, Blaise Kadjo, Prince K Kaleme, Edwin Kamugisha, Beth A Kaplin, Humphrey N Kato, Christian Kiffner, Duncan M Kimuyu, Robert M Kityo, N'goran G Kouamé, Marcel Kouete T, Aliza le Roux, Alan T K Lee, Mervyn C Lötter, Anne Mette Lykke, Duncan N MacFadyen, Gacheru P Macharia, Zimkitha J K Madikiza, Themb'alilahlwa A M Mahlaba, David Mallon, Mnqobi L Mamba, Claude Mande, Rob A Marchant, Robin A Maritz, Wanda Markotter, Trevor McIntyre, John Measey, Addisu Mekonnen, Paulina Meller, Haemish I Melville, Kevin Z Mganga, Michael G L Mills, Liaan Minnie, Alain Didier Missoup, Abubakr Mohammad, Nancy N Moinde, Bakwo Fils E Moise, Pedro Monterroso, Jennifer F Moore, Simon Musila, Sedjro Gilles A Nago, Maganizo W Namoto, Fatimata Niang, Violaine Nicolas, Jerry B Nkenku, Evans E Nkrumah, Gonwouo L Nono, Mulavwa M Norbert, Katarzyna Nowak, Benneth C Obitte, Arnold D Okoni-Williams, Jonathan Onongo, M Justin O'Riain, Samuel T Osinubi, Daniel M Parker, Francesca Parrini, Mike J S Peel, Johannes Penner, Darren W Pietersen, Andrew J Plumptre, Damian W Ponsonby, Stefan Porembski, R John Power, Frans G T Radloff, Ramugondo V Rambau, Tharmalingam Ramesh, Leigh R Richards, Mark-Oliver Rödel, Dominic P Rollinson, Francesco Rovero, Mostafa A Saleh, Ute Schmiedel, M Corrie Schoeman, Paul Scholte, Thomas L Serfass, Julie Teresa Shapiro, Sidney Shema, Stefan J Siebert, Jasper A Slingsby, Alexander Sliwa, Hanneline A Smit-Robinson, Etotepe A Sogbohossou, Michael J Somers, Stephen Spawls, Jarryd P Streicher, Lourens Swanepoel, Iroro Tanshi, Peter J Taylor, William A Taylor, Mariska Te Beest, Paul T Telfer, Dave I Thompson, Elie Tobi, Krystal A Tolley, Andrew A Turner, Wayne Twine, Victor Van Cakenberghe, Frederik Van de Perre, Helga van der Merwe, Chris J G van Niekerk, Pieter C V van Wyk, Jan A Venter, Luke Verburgt, Geraldine Veron, Susanne Vetter, Maria S Vorontsova, Thomas C Wagner, Paul W Webala, Natalie Weber, Sina M Weier, Paula A White, Melissa A Whitecross, Benjamin J Wigley, Frank J Willems, Christiaan W Winterbach, Galena M Woodhouse
Sub-Saharan Africa is under-represented in global biodiversity datasets, particularly regarding the impact of land use on species' population abundances. Drawing on recent advances in expert elicitation to ensure data consistency, 200 experts were convened using a modified-Delphi process to estimate 'intactness scores': the remaining proportion of an 'intact' reference population of a species group in a particular land use, on a scale from 0 (no remaining individuals) to 1 (same abundance as the reference) and, in rare cases, to 2 (populations that thrive in human-modified landscapes)...
February 12, 2024: Scientific Data
#3
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Muluneh M Fashe, Tien V Le, Megan N Gower, Ian R Mulrenin, Karen F Dorman, Spenser Smith, John K Fallon, Julie B Dumond, Kim A Boggess, Craig R Lee
In preeclampsia models, nicotinamide (NAM) has protective effects in preeclampsia and is being evaluated as a therapeutic nutraceutical in clinical studies. NAM undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism by NAM N-methyltransferase to methylnicotinamide (MNA), which is subsequently metabolized to methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (M2PY) by aldehyde oxidase. However, the pharmacokinetics (PK) of NAM and its major metabolites has never been studied in pregnant individuals. Blood samples were collected before and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hr after single 1g oral NAM dose in healthy pregnant (gestational age 24-33 weeks) and nonpregnant female volunteers (n=6/group)...
December 13, 2023: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
#4
REVIEW
Belard Sabine, Taccari Francesco, Kumwenda Tapiwa, Huson Mischa Am, Wallrauch Claudia, Heller Tom
BACKGROUND: The "Focused assessment with sonography for HIV-associated tuberculosis" (FASH) protocol has been applied and researched for over a decade in HIV-infected patients with suspected extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). Interpretation of target FASH features may be challenging as they can also indicate alternative opportunistic diseases. OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of the review was summarizing the accumulated evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of the FASH protocol including description of diagnoses of target FASH features...
November 1, 2023: Clinical Microbiology and Infection
#5
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Muluneh M Fashe, Taryn A Miner, John K Fallon, Amanda P Schauer, Craig Sykes, Philip C Smith, Craig R Lee
Introduction: Pregnancy increases the clearance of CYP3A4 substrate drugs and pregnancy-related hormones (PRHs) induce hepatic CYP3A4 expression and metabolism. However, it remains unclear to what extent the magnitude of PRH-evoked changes in hepatic CYP3A metabolism varies across multiple substrates. This study quantified the impact of PRHs on CYP3A protein concentrations and buprenorphine metabolism in human hepatocytes, and compared the magnitude of these effects to nifedipine and midazolam metabolism. Methods: Sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) from female donors were exposed to PRHs, administered in combination across a range of physiologically relevant concentrations, for 72 h...
2023: Frontiers in Pharmacology
#6
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Louw Fourie, Michael K Pather, Gavin Hendricks
BACKGROUND: Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) improves patient outcomes. The current POCUS curriculum of the Emergency Medicine Society of South Africa is based on guidelines from the United Kingdom with a different burden of disease (BoD) and available resources than encountered locally. AIM: To determine which modules of the POCUS curriculum should be implemented to better equip doctors working at a district hospital in the West Coast District (WCD), South Africa...
June 14, 2023: African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine
#7
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Hussein Ibrahim, Afework Bekele, Peter J Fashing, Nga Nguyen, Dereje Yazezew, Amera Moges, Vivek V Venkataraman, Addisu Mekonnen
Studying the diet and feeding behavior of primates is essential to understanding their ecology and designing effective conservation plans. Despite decades of study on the hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) in lowland habitats, little is known about the feeding ecology of this species in highland ecosystems. To address this empirical gap, we tracked temporal changes in vegetation abundance and their relation to the dietary choices of hamadryas baboons in highland habitat at Borena-Sayint National Park (BSNP) in northern Ethiopia...
June 27, 2023: Primates; Journal of Primatology
#8
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yu Wang, Wenjie Dou
We develop a Floquet surface hopping approach to deal with nonadiabatic dynamics of molecules near metal surfaces subjected to time-periodic drivings from strong light-matter interactions. The method is based on a Floquet classical master equation (FCME) derived from a Floquet quantum master equation (FQME), followed by a Wigner transformation to treat nuclear motion classically. We then propose different trajectory surface hopping algorithms to solve the FCME. We find that a Floquet averaged surface hopping with electron density (FaSH-density) algorithm works the best as benchmarked with the FQME, capturing both the fast oscillations due to the driving and the correct steady-state observables...
June 14, 2023: Journal of Chemical Physics
#9
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Michaela Aurelia Maria Huson, Tapiwa Kumwenda, Joe Gumulira, Ethel Rambiki, Claudia Wallrauch, Tom Heller
BACKGROUND: Focused Assessment with Sonography for HIV-associated TB (FASH) is a diagnostic tool for extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in symptomatic patients with advanced HIV. As Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is also prevalent in this patient population, changes due to KS may mimic TB findings and clinical interpretation of target FASH findings can be challenging. We aimed to describe sonographic findings in patients with KS. METHODS: We performed a prospective observational study at Lighthouse clinic at Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi, in consecutive patients with newly diagnosed KS, without known diagnosis of TB, referred for paclitaxel treatment...
June 1, 2023: The ultrasound journal
#10
Giacomo Stroffolini, Kelvin Rambiki, Claudia Wallrauch, Tamiwe Tomoka, Enrico Brunetti, Tom Heller
Clinical skin manifestations are commonly seen in resource-limited settings, but they are frequently misdiagnosed due to the lack of microbiological tests with ensuing stigma and long-term disability. The adoption of portable ultrasound devices, which extend physical examination in the hands of trained clinicians, has partially improved the situation. Specific protocols, such as focused assessment with sonography for HIV-associated tuberculosis (FASH), have led to simplified diagnostic pathways. Here we describe a case of bacillary angiomatosis in a patient with advanced HIV disease presenting with subacute unusual cutaneous lesions...
May 9, 2023: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
#11
Amir Alzarrad, Salman Naeem, Serena Rovida
The use of point of care ultrasound (POCUS) to aid diagnosis of tuberculosis has been investigated in countries where concomitant endemic prevalence of HIV increases the incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). In such cases, using a focused assessment with sonography for HIV-associated tuberculosis (FASH) scan has found to be immensely advantageous as a rapid diagnostic tool in low resource settings where other imaging modalities are scarce. The prevalence of EPTB in immunocompetent patients in industrialised countries is growing...
2023: POCUS J
#12
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Sunnvør Í Kongsstovu, Svein-Ole Mikalsen, Eydna Í Homrum, Jan Arge Jacobsen, Thomas D Als, Hannes Gislason, Paul Flicek, Einar Eg Nielsen, Hans Atli Dahl
The Atlantic herring Clupea harengus L has a vast geographical distribution and a complex population structure with a few very large migratory units and many small local populations. Each population has its own spawning ground and/or time, thereby maintaining their genetic integrity. Several herring populations migrate between common feeding grounds and over-wintering areas resulting in frequent mixing of populations. Thus, many herring fisheries are based on mixed populations of different demographic status...
May 2022: Fisheries Research
#13
JOURNAL ARTICLE
India A Schneider-Crease, Jacob A Feder, Alice Baniel, Colleen McCann, Abebaw Azanaw Haile, Belayneh Abebe, Lauren Fitzgerald, Megan A Gomery, Ruth A Simberloff, Zack L Petrie, Sarah Gabriel, Pierre Dorny, Peter J Fashing, Nga Nguyen, Thore J Bergman, Jacinta C Beehner, Noah Snyder-Mackler, Amy Lu
Neopterin, a product of activated white blood cells, is a marker of nonspecific inflammation that can capture variation in immune investment or disease-related immune activity and can be collected noninvasively in urine. Mounting studies in wildlife point to lifetime patterns in neopterin related to immune development, aging, and certain diseases, but rarely are studies able to assess whether neopterin can capture multiple concurrent dimensions of health and disease in a single system. We assessed the relationship between urinary neopterin stored on filter paper and multiple metrics of health and disease in wild geladas (Theropithecus gelada), primates endemic to the Ethiopian highlands...
December 9, 2022: Scientific Reports
#14
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Peter J Fashing, Nga Nguyen, Sebsebe Demissew, Abel Gizaw, Anagaw Atickem, Addisu Mekonnen, Niina O Nurmi, Jeffrey T Kerby, Nils Chr Stenseth
Ethiopia is home to one of the richest and most unique assemblages of fauna and flora on the African continent. Contained within its borders are two major centers of endemism, the mesic Roof of Africa (also known as the Ethiopian Highlands) and the arid Horn of Africa, resulting from the country's varied topography and consequent geographic isolation. These centers of endemism are crucial to global conservation as evidenced by their classification within the Eastern Afromontane and Horn of Africa biodiversity hotspots, respectively...
December 13, 2022: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
#15
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Robert Ndege, Omary Ngome, Fiona Vanobberghen, Farida Bani, Yvan Temba, Herieth Wilson, Jerry Hella, Winfrid Gingo, Mohamed Sasamalo, Dorcas Mnzava, Namvua Kimera, Hellen Hiza, John Wigayi, Herry Mapesi, Irene B Kato, Francis Mhimbira, Klaus Reither, Manuel Battegay, Daniel H Paris, Maja Weisser, Martin Rohacek
BACKGROUND: Patients with suspected extrapulmonary tuberculosis are often treated empirically. We hypothesized that extended focused assessment with sonography for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (eFASH), in combination with other tests, would increase the proportion of correctly managed patients with suspected extrapulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS: This trial in adults with suspected extrapulmonary tuberculosis was performed in a rural and an urban hospital in Tanzania...
March 21, 2023: Clinical Infectious Diseases
#16
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Muluneh M Fashe, John K Fallon, Taryn A Miner, Jacqueline B Tiley, Philip C Smith, Craig R Lee
Pregnancy alters the disposition and exposure to multiple drugs indicated for pregnancy-related complications. Previous in vitro studies have shown that pregnancy-related hormones (PRHs) alter the expression and function of certain cytochrome P450s (CYPs) in human hepatocytes. However, the impact of PRHs on hepatic concentrations of non-CYP drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transport proteins remain largely unknown. In this study, sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) from five female donors were exposed to vehicle or PRHs (estrone, estradiol, estriol, progesterone, cortisol, and placental growth hormone), administered individually or in combination, across a range of physiologically relevant PRH concentrations for 72 h...
2022: Frontiers in Pharmacology
#17
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Daniël Jacobus van Hoving, Annet Ngabirano Alenyo, Faith Komagum, Hein Lamprecht
Introduction: The African Federation of Emergency Medicine (AFEM) recommends the use of emergency point-of-care ultrasound (ePOCUS) as a core skill for health care practitioners in Africa. The study explored the use of ePOCUS by health care practitioners among AFEM members who work across Africa. Methods: An anonymous online survey was distributed to individual members of AFEM and affiliated organisations. The questionnaire was tested by the AFEM Scientific Committee for potential content modifications prior to distribution...
December 2022: African Journal of Emergency Medicine Revue
#18
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Tingman Yan, Xiaolin Huang, Qunfei Zhao
This paper proposes a hierarchical superpixel segmentation by representing an image as a hierarchy of 1-nearest neighbor (1-NN) graphs with pixels/superpixels denoting the graph vertices. The 1-NN graphs are built from the pixel/superpixel adjacent matrices to ensure connectivity. To determine the next-level superpixel hierarchy, inspired by FINCH clustering, the weakly connected components (WCCs) of the 1-NN graph are labeled as superpixels. We reveal that the WCCs of a 1-NN graph consist of a forest of cycle-root-trees (CRTrees)...
2022: IEEE Transactions on Image Processing: a Publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society
#19
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Kenneth L Chiou, Mareike C Janiak, India A Schneider-Crease, Sharmi Sen, Ferehiwot Ayele, Idrissa S Chuma, Sascha Knauf, Alemayehu Lemma, Anthony V Signore, Anthony M D'Ippolito, Belayneh Abebe, Abebaw Azanaw Haile, Fanuel Kebede, Peter J Fashing, Nga Nguyen, Colleen McCann, Marlys L Houck, Jeffrey D Wall, Andrew S Burrell, Christina M Bergey, Jeffrey Rogers, Jane E Phillips-Conroy, Clifford J Jolly, Amanda D Melin, Jay F Storz, Amy Lu, Jacinta C Beehner, Thore J Bergman, Noah Snyder-Mackler
Primates have adapted to numerous environments and lifestyles but very few species are native to high elevations. Here we investigated high-altitude adaptations in the gelada (Theropithecus gelada), a monkey endemic to the Ethiopian Plateau. We examined genome-wide variation in conjunction with measurements of haematological and morphological traits. Our new gelada reference genome is highly intact and assembled at chromosome-length levels. Unexpectedly, we identified a chromosomal polymorphism in geladas that could potentially contribute to reproductive barriers between populations...
March 24, 2022: Nature Ecology & Evolution
#20
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Dereje Yazezew, Afework Bekele, Peter J Fashing, Nga Nguyen, Amera Moges, Hussein Ibrahim, Ryan J Burke, Timothy M Eppley, Addisu Mekonnen
Given the current rate of habitat degradation and loss in the tropics, data on primate population densities and habitat use are indispensable for assessing conservation status and designing feasible management plans for primates. The Omo River guereza (Colobus guereza guereza) is a subspecies of the eastern black-and-white colobus monkey endemic to the western Rift Valley forests of Ethiopia. Their restricted distribution along with habitat loss and hunting within their range render them vulnerable to local extirpation and extinction...
March 2022: Primates; Journal of Primatology
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