Hydrochlorthiazide

Obesity is a risk factor for stroke, but the determinants of increased stroke risk in obesity are unknown. We have previously reported that obese Zucker rats (OZRs) have a worse stroke outcome and display evidence of remodeling of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), in parallel with hypertension, compared with lean controls. This study tested the hypothesis that hypertension is an essential determinant of cerebral vascular remodeling and increased stroke damage in OZRs. Blood pressure was measured by telemetry in lean and obese rats with and without hydrochlorthiazide (HCT; 2 mg...

Office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) demonstrate variable associations with outcomes. The authors sought to compare office BP (OBP), home BP (HBP), and ambulatory BP (ABP) for measuring responses to hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), atenolol, and their combination. After completing washout, eligible patients were randomized to atenolol 50 mg or HCTZ 12.5 mg daily. Doses were doubled after 3 weeks and the alternate drug was added after 6 weeks if BP was >120/70 mm Hg (chosen to allow maximum opportunity to assess genetic associations with dual BP therapy in the parent study)...

The present work describes a two-wavelength method for simultaneous determination of metoprolol and hydrochlorthiazide in fixed dose combination tablet. The wavelengths selected for method were 257.8 nm, 282.9 nm and 315.0 nm. The absorbance difference at first two wavelengths was used for determination of metoprolol and the latter was used for determination of hydrochlorthiazide. The recovery value for the drugs from the tablet matrix was found to be 100.55% (metoprolol) and 99.97% (comparison with standard) and 98...

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a relatively common problem encountered in clinical endocrine practice. In most cases the diagnosis is relatively straightforward, however, when imaging studies fail to localize the parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia, management can be challenging. We describe here such a case where the diagnosis was made by a novel method of analysis of parathyroid hormone levels in the needle wash obtained during fine-needle aspiration of a suspected parathyroid adenoma. A 60 year old white male was first seen in the endocrinology clinic for evaluation of osteoporosis...

BACKGROUND: No reduction in either coronary mortality or sudden cardiac death (SCD) has been demonstrated in overviews of randomized trials of treatment of hypertension with diuretics. METHODS: An overview was conducted of coronary mortality and SCD in randomized controlled antihypertensive trials in which an epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) inhibitor/ hydrochlorthiazide (HCTZ) combination was used. Secondarily, an analogous overview in which thiazide diuretic was used alone was performed...

BACKGROUND: there are guidelines available from a number of countries and organisations regarding the design of written information, as appropriate design is essential for effective communication. The design of leaflets should be evaluated, as written information that does not adhere to guidelines may not be effective for seniors. OBJECTIVE: to use current typeface guidelines to describe the design of health information leaflets. DESIGN: this was a cross-sectional study of leaflets from pharmacies and seniors' clinics...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Orthosiphon stamineus has been used in traditional medicine for centuries especially to treat diseases of the urinary system. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the diuretic activity, to elucidate its possible mechanism and to evaluate the renal effects of Orthosiphon stamineus extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Water extracts were administered orally at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg to Sprague-Dawley rats and the control groups were given commercial diuretic drugs either furosemide or hydrochlorthiazide at 10 mg/kg...

BACKGROUND: The combination of three blood-pressure-lowering drugs at low doses, with a statin, aspirin, and folic acid (the polypill), could reduce cardiovascular events by more than 80% in healthy individuals. We examined the effect of the Polycap on blood pressure, lipids, heart rate, and urinary thromboxane B2, and assessed its tolerability. METHODS: In a double-blind trial in 50 centres in India, 2053 individuals without cardiovascular disease, aged 45-80 years, and with one risk factor were randomly assigned, by a central secure website, to the Polycap (n=412) consisting of low doses of thiazide (12...

Tablets are one of the most popular and preferred solid dosage forms because they can be accurately dosed, easily manufactured and packaged on a large scale, have good physical and chemical stability, and can contribute to good patient compliance given their ease of administration. The ability to match doses to patients depends on the availability of multiple dose sizes and adequate dose-response information. These are not always provided, so splitting of the tablets is sometimes necessary. Tablet splitting is an accepted practice in dispensing medication...

Caco-2 cells are a widely accepted model to predict permeability and absorption of compounds in humans. We built up an automated 96-wellplate Caco-2 permeation model with reduced growth time. Model compounds (metoprolol, ketoprofen, verapamil, naproxen, hydrochlorthiazide), permeability markers (TEER, Lucifer Yellow, D-[1-(14)C]-mannitol) and confocal microscopy were used to assess the utility of our method on Biomek-FX-automation. The confocal imaging data showed that Caco-2 cells formed monolayers when cultured for 7 days with initial cell density of 2...

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Dose-related adverse effects of medications are a major problem in modern medical practice. The "correct" dose, based on drug company guidelines in package inserts, may not be correct for many patients. Tablet splitting or dividing has been an accepted practice for many years as a means of obtaining the prescribed dose of medication. As model tablets for this investigation, two batches of lisinopril- hydrochlorothiazide scored tablets labeled to contain 20/12.5 mg were used. The aim of this study was to establish possible influence of tablet splitting on content uniformity of lisinopril/hydrochlorthiazide tablets...

Treatment of hypertension depends on the cause and severity of hypertension, and wether it is acute or chronic hypertension. In hypertensive emergencies, antihypertensive therapy should be started immediately, even if the cause of the disease is unknown. If the hypertension is present for a short time, blood pressure could be normalized quickly, but if the hypertension is of long or unknown lasting, blood pressure should be normalized gradually, so in that way blood pressure is normalized in 2 to 4 days. In long-term antihypertensive therapy as little as possible drugs should be used, preferably in one or two daily doses...

Drying processes have evolved considerably over the years, aiming at the best conditions to shorten the processing time, but maintaining the highest final product quality. The application of vacuums to the microwave drying process might be interesting, especially for thermally sensitive products because the reduced boiling point of the solvent allows a lower temperature processing. The objective of the present work is to study and evaluate the process of drying a granulated product that is the basis of the drug hydrochlorthiazide, with an initial moisture content of 21% in dry basis...

BACKGROUND: Step therapy for angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) requiring prior use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) is a common cost-containment intervention in managed care. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of the step-therapy intervention for ARBs, including ARB/hydrochlorthiazide (HCTZ) combinations, as measured by prescription use patterns and antihypertensive drug ingredient costs. METHODS: Rejected and paid pharmacy claims data were evaluated from 3 health plans with a total membership of approximately 1 million...

Adverse drug reactions are common and contribute to significant mortality and morbidity. We report a case study of an elderly woman who manifested with uncommon reversible renal tubular defects following the use of escitalopram. She was initially seen for worsening symptoms of depression and started on escitalopram in addition to her regular medications, which included donepezil, hydrochlorothiazide and mirtazapine. Three weeks later, she became increasingly confused and manifested recurrent falls. Laboratory evaluation showed hyponatraemia and evidence of renal tubular absorption defects...

An analytical procedure was developed for the fast screening of 16 diuretics (acetazolamide, althiazide, amiloride, bendroflumethiazide, bumetanide, canrenoic acid, chlorthalidone, chlorthiazide, clopamide, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, hydrochlorthiazide, hydroflumethiazide, indapamide, triamterene, trichlormethiazide) and a masking agent (probenecid) in human urine. The whole method involves three analytical steps, including (1) liquid/liquid extraction of the analytes from the matrix, (2) their reaction with methyl iodide at 70 degrees C for 2 h to form methyl derivatives, (3) analysis of the resulting mixture by fast gas chromatography/electron impact mass spectrometry (fast GC/EI-MS)...

Moexipril (7.4-15 mg/day) was given to 34, spirapril (3-6 mg/day) -- to 18 postmenopausal women with hypertension and metabolic syndrome for 16 weeks. Hydrochlorthiazide was added when therapy was not sufficiently effective. Both angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors had similar hypotensive activity: blood pressure normalized in 71 and 61% of moexipril and spirapril treated women, respectively. Both drugs promoted normalization of metabolism of lipid (lowering of levels of cholesterol, atherogenic lipoproteins and triglycerides) and carbohydrates (lowering of hyperinsulinemia)...

Carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors are effective in channelopathies possibly by opening the Ca2+-activated-K+ channels. However, the in vivo effects of these drugs in K+-deficient rats, the animal model of familial hypokalaemic periodic paralysis(hypokalaemic-PP), are currently unknown. Measures of insulin-responses, serum electrolytes levels and patch-clamp experiments were therefore performed in K+ -deficient rats treated in vivo with dichlorphenamide (DCP), ethoxzolamide (ETX), hydrochlorthiazide (HCT), methazolamide (MTZ), bendroflumethiazide (BFT) and acetazolamide (ACTZ)...

A simple, specific and sensitive reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method with UV absorbance detection was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of quinidine, verapamil and passive permeability markers, in samples obtained from rat intestinal in situ single-pass perfusion studies. Chromatography was carried out on C18 column with mobile phase comprising of acetate buffer (pH 5.0) and methanol in the ratio of 40:60 (v/v) pumped at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min and UV detection was employed at 230 and 275 nm...